War, State and Development. Fiscal-Military States in the Eighteenth Century War, State and Development. Fiscal-Military States in the Eighteenth Century Edited by Rafael Torres Sánchez EDICIONES UNIVERSIDAD DE NAVARRA, S.A. PAMPLONA This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Ediciones Universidad de Navarra (EUNSA). © Copyright 2007. Rafael Sánchez Torres (Ed.) Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, S.A. (EUNSA) Plaza de los Sauces, 1 y 2. 31010 Barañáin (Navarra) - España Teléfono: +34 948 25 68 50 - Fax: +34 948 25 68 54 e-mail: [email protected] ISBN: 978-84-313-2511-4 Depósito legal: NA 3.272-20007 Ilustración cubierta: Première une de Torlon, une du Port-Newf prise de l’angle du Parc d’Artillerie, Joseph Vernet, 1755. © Musée National de La Marine. Paris, France. Fotocomposición: Pretexto. [email protected] Imprime: Gráfi cas Alzate, S.L. Pol. Ipertegui II. Orcoyen (Navarra) Printed in Spain – Impreso en España Contents Foreword .................................................................................. 9 Agustín González Enciso The Triumph of the Fiscal Military State in the Eighteenth Century. War and Mercantilism ................................................................. 13 Rafael Torres Sánchez, University of Navarra, Spain Checking and Controlling British Military Expenditure, 1739-1783 .. 45 Stephen Conway, University College London, United Kingdom Fiscal dimensions of Britain’s regulated trade with Asia, 1765-1812 .. 69 Javier Cuenca-Esteban, University of Waterloo. Canada The Swedish Fiscal-Military State in transition and decline, 1650-1815 ................................................................................. 87 Jan Glete, Stockholms Universitet, Sweden A Moderate and Rational Absolutism. Spanish Fiscal Policy in the First Half of the Eighteenth Century ............................................ 109 Agustín González Enciso, Universidad de Navarra, Spain The Spoils of War: U.S. Federal Government Finance in the After- math of the War for Independence, 1784-1802 ............................... 133 Farley Grubb The Ideology and Organisation of Maritime War: an Expedition to Canada in 1746 .......................................................................... 157 Richard Harding, University of Westminster, United Kingdom Mobilising resources for war. The Dutch and British Financial Revo- lutions compared ........................................................................ 179 Marjolein ’t Hart, University of Amsterdam, Holland 8 War, State and Development. Fiscal-Military States in the Eighteenth Century The Spanish National Budget in a Century of War. The Importance of Financing the Army and the Navy During the Eighteenth century 201 José Jurado-Sánchez, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain Warfare and Taxation in Portuguese Brazil during the Dutch War, 1624-1654 ................................................................................. 231 Wolfgang Lenk, University of Campinas, Brazil Tracking down signs of the Portuguese Fiscal-Military state 1762-1816 . 251 Maria Cristina Moreira, University of Minho, Portugal Joint-Stock Companies as the Sinews of War: the South Sea and Ro- yal African Companies ................................................................ 277 Helen Julia Paul, University of Southampton, United Kingdom Taxation for British Mercantilism from the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) to the Peace of Paris (1783) ......................................................... 295 Patrick O´Brien, The London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom Administrative and Accounting System of the Army Treasuries: The Treasuries of the Kingdoms of the Crown of Aragón From 1755 to 1765 ..................................................................................... 357 Sergio Solbes Ferri, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canarias, Spain “Auspicio Regis et Senatus Angliae”: The Political Foundations of the East India Company’s Incorporation into the British Military-Fiscal State ......................................................................................... 385 Philip J. Stern, American University, USA Comparative Perspectives on the “Fiscal-Military State” in Europe and Japan .................................................................................. 409 Toshiaki Tamaki, Kyoto Sangyo University, Japan Possibilities and Limits: Testing the Fiscal-Military State in the Anglo- Spanish War of 1779-1783 ........................................................... 437 Rafael Torres Sánchez, University of Navarra, Spain Bibliography .............................................................................. 461 Index of names and places ........................................................... 497 Foreword This book forms part of a long-term project that aims to make a com- parative study of the military and naval capacities of states throughout the eighteenth century. These capacities are an important explanatory factor for analysing warfare success. By the phrase “military and naval capacities” is to be understood the possibilities of effi ciently mobilising resources of all types, human and material. This in turn presupposes a given degree and mode of administrative organisation and an appreci- able fi scal capacity. Military and naval needs were on the rise at this time, so the aim will be to paint a dynamic picture of events: not only did states have to mobilise resources and organise themselves to that end, they also had to adapt to the ongoing changes in military and economic life, while also allowing for social changes. Thus conceived the project is clearly bound up with the concept of the fi scal military state, but we set our sights further than the simple ap- preciation of whether or not a fi scal military state exists or ascertaining its nature. Existing studies give a full account, as R. Torres points out in his introduction to this book, of the varied ways in which the term fi scal military state has been understood and also the different histori- cal scenarios it has been applied to. There is therefore no need, in my opinion, to continue down this line. It is a question rather of studying each specifi c case to fi nd out what its real capacities were at any one time and in the long term. In this sense the term fi scal military state comes across as a meth- odological concept, i.e., a paradigm, albeit incomplete and certainly no panacea. Strictly speaking, there is no such thing as a fi scal military state – there is no state that is only fi scal military – but it is still always part of that reality and serves as a framework for posing questions about the administrative organisation, the fi scal system or the economic life, with war as the ever-present backdrop, goal and test. It will also serve 10 War, State and Development. Fiscal-Military States in the Eighteenth Century to bring out all the interrelationships between these factors, for none of them can come up with an answer single-handedly but they are all crucial aspects for explaining the construction of states throughout the eighteenth century. Our research project arose from an informal collaboration agreement between the Financial History Group (GRHIFI in Spanish initials) of Navarre University (Universidad de Navarra), especially professors Torres and González Enciso, and Professor H. Bowen, at that time in Leicester University. This working agreement crystallised in a seminar held in the Universidad de Navarra on 16 and 17 September 2004, under the banner “Mobilizing Money and Resources for War: European States at Work, 1689-1815” and with the participation of Spanish and British experts invited by the research promoters. The fruits of this seminar have been published (Bowen and González Enciso, 2006a). This semi- nar then spawned the idea of enlarging the group and trying to bring researchers from other countries and historical territories into the fold. The “14th International Economic History Congress”, held in Helsinki from 21 to 25 August 2006, represented our fi rst chance of collaborat- ing with these new researchers. This came about thanks to the session held in the congress under the title “Mobilizing Money and Resources for War During the Early Modern Period”, organised by Bowen, P. O’Brien and González Enciso. The papers presented there represented a considerable widening of the geographical area of study in comparison with the 2004 meeting. A report on this session has just been published (González Enciso and Bowen, 2007a). This book, now being brought to light thanks to the endeavours of R. Torres and the efforts of all the authors, publishes nearly all the papers presented in Helsinki, complete and revised, plus other new papers to widen the geographical scope and bring in new research themes. But the project goes on. In the forthcoming International Economic History Congress, to be held in Utrecht, 2009, there is an approved ses- sion, organised by Torres, Bowen and Conway. This session will be pre- ceded by a preliminary conference in Las Palmas, 2008, organised by S. Solbes, plus a follow-up in Greenwich, 2009, in the congress organised by R. Knight. The subject matter of this session has been more fi nely delimited to facilitate comparative studies, with the focus on expendi- ture-related questions. All the above will undoubtedly be academic events of the utmost interest, offering further insights into