CycadCycad AulacaspisAulacaspis ScaleScale InvasiveInvasive PestPest withwith ExtinctionExtinction Potential!Potential! Photo: Anne Brooke, Guam National Wildlife Refuge Jody Haynes Montgomery Botanical Center, 11901 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33156 USA [email protected] GeneralGeneral CycadCycad InformationInformation OrderOrder:: CycadalesCycadales FamiliesFamilies:: BoweniaceaeBoweniaceae,, Cycadaceae,Cycadaceae, Stangeriaceae,Stangeriaceae, ZamiaceaeZamiaceae ExtantExtant speciesspecies:: 302302 currentlycurrently recognizedrecognized Photo: Dennis Stevenson DistributionDistribution:: PantropicalPantropical ConservationConservation statusstatus:: CycadsCycads representrepresent oneone ofof thethe mostmost threatenedthreatened plantplant groupsgroups worldwide;worldwide; >50%>50% listedlisted asas threatenedthreatened oror endangeredendangered Photo: Tom Broome Photo: Mark Bonta AulacaspisAulacaspis yasumatsuiyasumatsui TakagiTakagi OrderOrder:: Hemiptera/HomopteraHemiptera/Homoptera FamilyFamily:: DiaspididaeDiaspididae CommonCommon namesnames:: OfficialOfficial cycadcycad aulacaspisaulacaspis scalescale (CAS)(CAS) OtherOther AsianAsian cycadcycad scale,scale, ThaiThai scale,scale, snowsnow scalescale NativeNative distributiondistribution:: AndamanAndaman IslandsIslands toto Vietnam,Vietnam, W. Tang, USDA-APHIS-PPQ includingincluding ThailandThailand andand probablyprobably Cambodia,Cambodia, Laos,Laos, peninsularpeninsular Malaysia,Malaysia, Myanmar,Myanmar, southernmostsouthernmost China,China, andand possiblypossibly IndiaIndia InvasiveInvasive distributiondistribution:: UnitedUnited StatesStates properproper Alabama,Alabama, Florida,Florida, California,California, Georgia,Georgia, Hawaii,Hawaii, Louisiana,Louisiana, SouthSouth Carolina,Carolina, TexasTexas CaribbeanCaribbean CaymanCayman Islands,Islands, PuertoPuerto Rico,Rico, St.St. Kitts,Kitts, U.S.U.S. VirginVirgin Islands,Islands, ViequesVieques OtherOther CostaCosta Rica,Rica, GuamGuam,, HongHong Kong,Kong, Singapore,Singapore, TaiwanTaiwan AulacaspisAulacaspis yasumatsuiyasumatsui TakagiTakagi Adult ♂ (L) and ♀ (R) scale insects Eggs and adult ♀ w/ cover removed Photos by W. Tang, USDA-APHIS-PPQ TypicalTypical DamageDamage Time series of CAS-infested Cycas revoluta plant in Guam, showing reduction of leaf size and ultimate death. Photos by Dr. Thomas Marler, University of Guam HostHost RangeRange Family Genus Species Geographic origin Cycadaceae Cycas media Australia & Papua New Guinea panzhihuaensis China revoluta Japan to Ryukyu Islands rumphii India, Southeast Asia, Oceania seemannii OceaniaOceania szechuanensis China thouarsii Africa wadei Philippines Zamiaceae Dioon califanoi Mexico edule Mexico merolae Mexico rzedowskii Mexico spinulosum (strobili only) Mexico sonorense Mexico Encephalartos barteri (strobili only) Africa ferox Africa hildebrandtii Africa manikensis Africa pterogonus Africa whitelockii Africa Microcycas calocoma (strobili only) Cuba Stangeriaceae Stangeria eriopus Africa Information from Weissling et al., 1999 HostHost RangeRange Photo: Holly Glenn, UF-IFAS Photo: Michael Calonje Cycas revoluta HostHost RangeRange Stangeria eriopus HostHost RangeRange Family Genus Species Geographic origin Zamiaceae Ceratozamia microstrobila Mexico miqueliana Mexico Encephalartos gratus (strobili primarily) South Africa umbeluziensis (strobili primarily) South Africa Boweniaceae Bowenia serrulata Australia Personal observations at Montgomery Botanical Center, Miami, FL HostHost RangeRange Ceratozamia microstrobila HostHost RangeRange Encephalartos gratus HostHost RangeRange Bowenia serrulata ControlControl OptionsOptions ControlControl recommendationsrecommendations forfor CASCAS areare diversediverse andand variablevariable inin theirtheir effectiveness.effectiveness. TheyThey includeinclude thethe following:following: 1.1. ChemicalChemical 3.3. BiologicalBiological •• Dimethoate/oilDimethoate/oil •• CybocephalusCybocephalus nipponicusnipponicus •• ImidiclopridImidicloprid •• CoccobiusCoccobius fulvusfulvus •• Pyriproxifen/dinotefuranPyriproxifen/dinotefuran •• RhyzobiusRhyzobius lophanthaelophanthae 2.2. Physical/CulturalPhysical/Cultural 4.4. IPMIPM •• PressurePressure washingwashing MultiMulti--prongedpronged approachapproach thatthat •• RemovalRemoval ofof leavesleaves combinescombines manymany ofof thethe above,above, •• SanitationSanitation plusplus scoutingscouting IndependentIndependent OutbreaksOutbreaks 1. Bogor Botanic Gardens, Java (late 1980s) • Origin unknown; wiped out garden’s entire Cycas collection • Unknown if CAS still persists in Java • Outbreak not publicized • No warning given to avoid future outbreaks 2. Florida (1994/5) • Originated from collected plants in Vietnam or China • Not caught by plant inspectors • Pest alerts and restrictions too slow to prevent spread • Quickly established and spread throughout Florida • Caused millions of dollars of damage to nursery industry • Later spread throughout Gulf coast—via chain stores—and onto several Caribbean islands and elsewhere on infected Cycas revoluta plants exported from Florida IndependentIndependent OutbreaksOutbreaks 3. China (mid 1990s) • Wholesale quantities of wild-collected Cycas inermis imported from southern Vietnam to two botanic gardens in China • Additional quantities planted as ornamentals for businesses and city landscapes in China • Now widespread in botanic gardens and nurseries throughout southern China • As with Florida, southern China is center for nursery industry that grows and exports Cycas revoluta • May have led to introduction of CAS to Taiwan, another center of C. revoluta production and export DependentDependent OutbreaksOutbreaks 1.1. TaiwanTaiwan (2000)(2000) • Arrived from unknown source, possibly nurseries in S. China • Arrival not publicized; presence unknown until 2005 • Killed 100,000+ nursery cycads (Cycas revoluta) in Taoyuan County—south of Taipei—the first year • Spread to wild population of Cycas taitungensis in Taitung Cycad Nature Reserve (S. Taiwan) in 2004 • Widespread in other wild cycad populations by 2005 TaiwanTaiwan InvasionInvasion TimelineTimeline Date Event & Location 2000 CAS introduced into northern Taiwan through an unknown channel, killing 110,000 nursery cycads (seedlings and adults of various ages) in Taoyuan County—a northern county south of the capital of Taipei—in its first year (#1 on map). Sep. The predatory beetle, Cybocephalus nipponicus, 2003 imported from Thailand to the quarantine facility at National Pingtung University, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan. 2004 CAS invaded the Taitung Cycad Nature Reserve— home of one of the largest populations of the endemic Cycas taitungensis—in southeastern Taiwan (#2 on map). Oct. Cybocephalus nipponicus field released in Taitung 2005 Cycad Nature Reserve (#2 on map). Nov. C. nipponicus released at Pingtung and Taichung (#3 2005 on map). Information provided by Dr. Po-Yung Lai (National Pingtung University of Science & Technology) & Dr. Jung-Tai Chao (Taiwan Forestry Research Institute). Taiwan base map courtesy maps.com. CASCAS inin TaiwanTaiwan CycasCycas taitungensistaitungensis plantsplants growgrow onon cliffscliffs withinwithin thethe TaitungTaitung CycadCycad NatureNature Reserve,Reserve, makingmaking themthem veryvery difficultdifficult toto accessaccess forfor studystudy and/orand/or toto treattreat forfor CAS.CAS. PhotPhotosos by Chin-Ying Hwang, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute ConservationConservation StatusStatus inin TaiwanTaiwan CycasCycas taitungensistaitungensis waswas classifiedclassified asas VulnerableVulnerable inin thethe 20042004 IUCNIUCN RedRed List,List, basedbased onon estimatesestimates ofof totaltotal populationpopulation declinedecline ofof 30%30% overover thethe lastlast 1010 yearsyears oror threethree generations.generations. It is a narrow endemic in Taiwan, and CAS is no doubt greatly increasing the decline of this species in the wild. BecauseBecause ofof CAS,CAS, thethe IUCN/SSCIUCN/SSC CycadCycad SpecialistSpecialist GroupGroup provisionallyprovisionally elevatedelevated conservationconservation statusstatus toto EndangeredEndangered.. Information from IUCN & Dr. John Donaldson, Chair, IUCN/SSC Cycad Specialist Group DependentDependent OutbreaksOutbreaks 2.2. GuamGuam (2003)(2003) • Arrived on infested Cycas revoluta plants from Florida, despite repeated warnings by Dr. Thomas Marler, University of Guam • Arrival widely publicized; repeated warnings and control recommendations failed to keep it from spreading • Spread to wild populations of Cycas micronesica by Sep. 2004 • Widely distributed in wild cycad populations by 2005 CASCAS inin GuamGuam InIn FebruaryFebruary 2000,2000, Dr.Dr. ThomasThomas MarlerMarler warnedwarned ofof thethe possibilitypossibility ofof CASCAS comingcoming toto Guam.Guam. HisHis warningswarnings wentwent unheeded.unheeded. Article from Pacific Daily News CASCAS inin GuamGuam • CAS first arrived on Guam Initial site of • CAS first arrived on Guam introduction (from(from FL)FL) inin thethe TumonTumon (Oct. 2003) BayBay hotelhotel districtdistrict inin 20032003 Base map and distribution information provided by Drs. Ross Miller & Thomas Marler, University of Guam CASCAS inin GuamGuam •• CASCAS firstfirst arrivedarrived onon GuamGuam Ypao Point (from(from FL)FL) inin thethe TumonTumon (Nov. 2003) BayBay hotelhotel districtdistrict inin 20032003 •• WithinWithin aa month,month, itit hadhad infestedinfested aa nativenative populationpopulation ofof CycasCycas micronesicamicronesica atat YpaoYpao PointPoint Base map