PERTH OBSERVATORY HISTORY (Compiled by Wayne Moredoundt, Historian, from Heritage Council documentation for Perth Observatory heritage listing.) A proposal for an observatory for Perth was first introduced to the State Parliament by Premier John Forrest in 1891, but failed to obtain financial backing.1 He persisted with the scheme, however, and funding was finally approved in 1895, along with funds for a museum and a mint.2 Forrest sought advice from the Government Astronomer of South Australia, Sir Charles Todd, who responded with specifications for instruments and plans for buildings, based on the Adelaide Observatory. He also recommended his own Assistant Astronomer, Mr. W.E. Cooke, for the position of Government Astronomer and Meteorologist to the Perth Observatory.3 Early in 1896, Todd arrived in Perth to assist with selection of the best site. At the suggestion of the Government, the site of the High School playground (Reserve 2051) on Mt Eliza above the Barracks, was studied and found sufficient for the purpose. It was described in the press as: ‘... certainly a commanding one ... and the institution would in a short time be a conspicuous and ornamental landmark, as well as of high interest and utility’.4 The site was considered ideal for the location of an observatory, for both meteorological and astronomical work. The exposure to the prevailing winds, the distance from the city and the protection afforded by the large area of undeveloped bush land to the south and west (Kings Park) ensured clear skies and uninterrupted views for astronomical observations and the openness of the site allowed for consistent weather recordings. The view from the site was also magnificent and in its turn, the main building became a landmark crowning the skyline above the city. As Cooke later pointed out, this was something of a mixed blessing: It is in some respects unfortunate that the site is such a remarkably fine one, because it causes covetous eyes to be frequently turned in its direction.5 During Todd’s visit, the press had asked him to explain the principal benefits of a “strictly practical kind” that might be expected from the establishment of the Observatory. In reply he stated that: First of all you will have absolutely correct time, which will be indicated daily at a certain hour by the dropping of a time-ball. Then ships will be able to correct their chronometers. Again, meteorological observations from stations all over the colony and from the other colonies will be transmitted to the observatory, and the astronomer will from these data be 1 Parliamentary Debates (WA), 1891-1892, new series, pp. 388, 450, 609-611. 2 Western Australian Parliament, Votes and Proceedings, 1894-1895. 3 West Australian, 7, 11 January 1896. 4 West Australian, 7, 11 January 1896. 5 CSO File # 996/23, vol. 1, p. 560, BL Acc 752. Page 1 / 10 PERTH OBSERVATORY HISTORY able to issue weather forecasts. These are some of the practical advantages which will result from the establishment of such an institution, and, of course, there are innumerable minor benefits. Scientifically its value will be very great … An observatory is really an educational institution of the greatest importance, and although you are picking up gold and silver at present, and naturally give great attention to everything which appertains to the practical side of life, scientific considerations should not be neglected.6 In February 1896, William Ernest Cooke arrived in Perth to take up his appointment as the first Government Astronomer. He began his new post at temporary quarters in the Legislative Council building and started upgrading the meteorological system initiated in 1867.7 Meanwhile, plans for the Observatory buildings were being prepared while the site was being surveyed by the officers of the Colonial Architect’s Department. The contract for the main building was let on 2 July 1896 for £6,622.19s, with a completion date of 3 March 1897. The foundation stone was subsequently laid on 29 September 1896.8 By the time the building was completed at the end of 1897, it had cost over seven thousand pounds. In keeping with the intended use of the building, the Government Astronomer, W.E. Cooke, had prepared a design for the foundation stone that indicated the positions of the various planets in the zodiacal constellations at the time the stone was to be laid.9 In addition, a lead casket was built into the wall behind the stone. (The foundation stone and casket were later removed from the Government Astronomer’s Residence and Offices and taken to the new Perth Observatory when it was relocated to Bickley in the 1960s).10 The ceremony was celebrated as a grand civic occasion. Clearly, it was an achievement that many of the officers of the Public Works Department had contributed to and were proud of.11 The many speeches given during the ceremony, and reported in the press, emphasized the evidence of ‘progress’ in the colony. According to Sir John Forrest, the building of a museum, and an observatory: ... showed that in the time of our prosperity we were trying to elevate and improve the public mind and to do something for the encouragement of the arts and sciences in this colony ... It was very gratifying that the Parliament of this country had been willing to found this Observatory. It would remain for all time an evidence of a liberal-minded and enlightened people, who, while doing all that was necessary to foster the material requirements of the colony, at the same time were anxious to promote and encourage intellectual pursuits ... 6 West Australian, 7, 11 January 1896. 7 West Australian, 6 February 1896. 8 Western Australian Parliament, Votes and Proceedings, 3708Annual Report, 1896-1897. 9 West Australian, 30 March 1896. 10 Oline Richards, Conservation Study for the Old Observatory, West Perth, prepared for the National Trust of Australia (WA), August 1991, pp. 27-28. 11 I.H. van Bremen, The Old Observatory Building, West Perth: Conservation Report, p. 7. Page 2 / 10 PERTH OBSERVATORY HISTORY He thought ... Western Australians might be proud they were doing something to enlighten their people and to join hands with the scientists all over the world.12 By January 1897, Cooke realized that his hopes of soon getting into the main Observatory building were clearly unrealistic. The building was finally completed on 6 October 1897, some 7 months later than the contract completion date.13 The contract for the construction of the Instrument Buildings had been let to John Shunn for 2,772 pounds, to be completed by 17th December 1897.14 As with the earlier construction, progress on the Instrument Buildings was slow. Much depended on the arrival of the special instruments and prefabricated parts of the buildings from England. While designs for the separate Instrument Buildings had been prepared by the P.W.D. early in 1897, revisions were still being made in October 1897.15 The press reported the return of Cooke from abroad in November 1897 and the arrival of instruments from England in December 1897.16 The instrument building which housed the astrograph or equatorial telescope, was a two- storey brick building, with a basement and flat concrete roof. The steel revolving dome, which surmounted the building, was also prefabricated by the instrument maker and brought to Perth with the telescopes and an experienced mechanic to install them. The first seismograph was installed in the basement of this building and from the 1920s on, the roof was used by the Weather Bureau for upper air readings. The dome and telescope were dismantled in 1963 when the building was demolished and were subsequently re-erected at the observatory at Bickley. After a century, they are still in use, with only minor adjustments made to maintain their functionality.17 In the first decade of the Observatory’s operation, under the direction of Cooke, it achieved the principal objectives outlined by Forrest and Todd at its inception: keeping accurate time, recording and forecasting weather, and carrying out astronomical research. In regard to the first objective; Cooke developed a time service that linked the Observatory electrically to a State-wide network, providing regular time signals to shipping at Fremantle, the State railways, the post office telegraph system, and controlled public clocks in Fremantle and Perth. In 1899, a public clock was placed at the entrance gates to the grounds on Malcolm Street and, in 1901-02, a time gun (cannon) was set up on the eastern slope of the site, facing the city, and fired daily for a 1pm time signal. In addition, in 1910 Cooke published a design for a sundial for use in isolated rural areas and had one erected in the Observatory grounds.18 12 West Australian, 29 September 1896. 13 West Australian, 6 October 1897. 14 Western Australian Parliament, Votes and Proceedings, PWD Reports, 1895-1902. 15 PROWA, PWD 5201. 16 West Australian, 6 November, 13 December, 1897. 17 Richards, ‘Conservation Study’, p. 29. 18 van Bremen, ‘Old Observatory’, p. 13. Page 3 / 10 PERTH OBSERVATORY HISTORY Weather recordings were collated and published as annual Meteorological Reports in the Votes and Proceedings of Parliament. They started in 1897 from the fenced enclosure on the site, later added to by the anemometer on the tower, and were collected from recording stations around the State. Weather forecasts were also displayed in prominent places in the city and published in the press. A pair of thermometers was also added to the public clock at the entrance gates in 1900.19 Also in 1900, the Perth Observatory was invited to contribute to the International Star Cataloguing and Mapping Program, along with 17 other observatories, including those in Sydney and Melbourne.