D.I. Walker and F.E. Wells (Eds) 1999. The Seagrass Flora and Fauna of Rottnest Island, Western Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth. CORE An account of common crustose coralline algae Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided(Corallinales, by Research Repository Rhodophyta) from macrophyte communities at Rottnest Island, Western Australia. by C.B. Sim Department of Botany, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6907, Western Australia and "' R.A. Townsend School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Division of Science and Engineering, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia ABSTRACT Meaningful interpretation of ecological experimentation can only be made after knowledge of the floral composition of an area is known. Crustose coralline algae have a reputation among phycologists as being a difficult group of organisms to identify to species level. Crustose coralline algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) cover the substratum in most macrophyte communities; their ecology is poorly understood. The aim of this work was to develop a species list and generic key for crustose coralline algae found in macrophyte communities around Rottnest Island, Western Australia. Eleven species belonging to seven genera were identified from limestone substrata in kelp and mixed macroalgal communities. A key to the common genera of crustose coralline algae found in these communities is also provided. The key, aimed at ecologists with limited knowledge of coralline taxonomy and anatomy, uses gross external and easily recognisable internal characters. The crustose coralline algal flora of Rottnest Island is a mixture of Indo-West Pacific and southern temperate species. Species such as Hydrolithon onkodes which has an extensive tropical and subtropical range were found at most sites sampled. INTRODUCTION Crustose coralline algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) are conspicuous on most hard substrata in both intertidal and subtidal habits (Adey and Johansen 1972; Johansen 1981; Woelkerling 1988; Keats and Mathews 1994). Littler eta!. (1985) described a species of crustose coralline algae from 268m, the deepest recorded benthic marine alga. Sixteen hundred species names within two families, the Corallinaceae Lamouroux and Sporolithaceae Verheij are found within the literature. The Corallinaceae has 7 subfamilies, 3 of which contain crustose genera which are separated on vegetative cell connections and conceptacle morphology (Woelkerling 396 C. SIM, R.A. TOWNSEND 1988). The Corallinaceae have zonately divided tetrasporangia and/or bisporangia borne in conceptacles (Silva and Johansen 1986). In the Sporolithaceae Verheij sporangia are cruciately divided (Verheij 1993) and occur in sori. While many crustose coralline algae can be identified from external characters, examination of internal anatomy and reproductive structures is often necessary for identification to species level. Modern taxonomic treatments of crustose coralline algae concentrate on various and sometimes subtle anatomical and reproductive features. There is a general perception that crustose coralline algae are difficult organisms to work with, hence there has been relatively few ecological studies at species level. Background The shallow rocky subtidal zone around Rottnest Island, Western Australia, is covered with mixtures of turf algae, macroalgal assemblages (Kendrick 1993) , kelps (Kirkman 1981) and seagrasses (Walker et al. 1989). Intertidal platforms are seasonally covered with Sargassum C. Agardh nom. cons. (Kendrick 1993). During the year dense patches of Hypnea filiformis (Harvey) Womersley and geniculate corallines such as Jania verrucosa Lamouroux and Haliptilon roseum (Lamarck) Garbary and Johnansen also dominate the intertidal. Beneath these erect algae nearly 100% of the substratum is occupied by crustose coralline algae. Crustose coralline algae persit under poor light quality and scouring of the substratum associated with the movement of macroalgal canopies. The ecology of both intertidal and subtidal crustose coralline algae on the temperate south-west coast of Western Australia has not been studied. The starting point of any ecological research is to become familiar with the organisms to be studied. Knowledge of the crustose coralline flora of limestone reefs in south west Australia is incomplete. Acknowledging that specimens from near Perth, Western Australia have been included in a monograph on the crustose coralline algae by Woelkerling (1988) and Womersley (1996) there has not been a study of the crustose coralline algae on limestone platforms and reefs at Rottnest (Huisman and Walker 1990). " A preliminary list of crustose coralline algae from Rottnest Island is presented with a generic key constructed using easily recognisable characters and habitat information. The temperate south west coast of Australia, and Rottnest Island in particular, is likely to be an interesting region for coralline algae due to the potential for crossover between the Indo-West Pacific and southern African floras. The southern passage of the Leeuwin Current which directly impacts Rottnest Island carries warm tropical waters (Cresswell1991; Pearce 1991) affects dispersal, settlement and growth processes in several marine organisms (Hatcher 1991, Hutchins 1991, Walker 1991) offshore in W.A. West-east geostrophic flow of the Indian Ocean (Pattiaratchi and Buchan 1991) potentially may also carry propagules from Africa to Western Australia. METHODS Crustose coralline algae were collected using SCUBA from subtidal macrophyte-dominated habitats to 20m depth (Figure 1). Intertidal samples were collected during low tides or times when swell was low. Intensive sampling of epilithic specimens was carried out at Nancy Cove, Green Island, Fish Hook Bay, Little Armstrong Bay and North Point (Figure 1). Other specimens were collected at Radar Reef, Crayfish Rock and Parker Point (Figure 1). Specimens were also collected from deeper water (20m+) using a dredge from the vessel MV CRUSTOSE CORALLINE ALGAE FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA 397 North Po0~'--"') Little Armstrong Bay C, Crayfish Rock \,""-, Rottnest Island ~~?~ / /'J\__~ _/ --~-____) ~ ~ Green Is.1 ~ W.A. JJ iii ~ ~ N Parker Point ~ [ JJ CD 32°00' s $ !!l. J 115°30' E Figure 1. Map of Rottnest Island, Western Australia showing sampling locations. Flinders (Western Australian Department of Fisheries). Dredge transects were carried out along the north coast of the island on 15/Jan/1996 and along the south coast on 16/Jan/1996 (Table 1). Maximum depth reached was 88m south-west of Rottnest Island. Specimens were collected, fixed and preserved according to Woelkerling (1988). Conceptacles and thallus margins were removed from the main piece of thallus and decalcified Table 1. Dredge transects north and south of Rottnest Island. GPS refers to the transect starting point position (lati­ tude and longitude). Station# Depth (m) Direction GPS Habitat type Station 2 25 East 31°58.10 Coral rubble covered with crustose North 115°31.30 coralline algae. No filamentous algae. Station 3 32 East-N-East 31°58.04 Mostly coarse calcareous sediments North 115°29.65 with small shells and epizoic corallines with red algal assemblages. Station 4 48 South 31°57.38 E. radiata and associated reef North 115°29.88 assemblages with limestone rubble cover in small coralline thalli. Station 11 33 East-N-East 32°02.94 Coralline rubble and bivalves in South 115°30.35 course calcareous sediments. Station 12 38 East-N-East 32°03.07 Coralline rubble and bivalves in South 115°28.55 course calcareous sediments Station 13 42 Northeast 32°03.27 Almost all small rhodoliths. South 115°27.30 No filamentous algae Station 14 87 North 32°03.71 Very small (2-lOmm diam) patches South 115°22.16 of sterile thalli on limestone boulders. Large sponges (0.5-2m). No filamentous algae 398 C. SIM, R.A. TOWNSEND in 5% nitric acid. Heavily calcified specimens were sectioned using a freezing microtome according to the methods of Keats and Chamberlain (1994b). Hamiltons freezing medium (Keats 1997) was used instead of water to add elasticity to the sample on the microtome stage enabling thinner sections to be cut. Thin, epiphytic specimens were decalcified and squashed (Townsend pers. comm). All sections and squashes were mounted in 50% Karo syrup and stained with 1% aniline blue (Abbott 1984). Habit terminology used in this paper is that of Woelkerling et al. (1993). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In shallow waters off Rottnest Island the dominant, canopy-forming seaweeds were Sargassum spp. (Kendrick 1993) and Ecklonia radiata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh (Kirkman 1981). In rare instances, the seagrass Amphibolis antarctica (Labillardiere) Sander et Ascherson ex Ascherson was found growing over rocky substratum near shallow limestone reef communities with little or no sediment cover (Sim pers. obs.). This species is often associated with areas of frequent sediment disturbance around high relief reef structures (Ducker et al. 1977). Site Descriptions The Nancy Cove, Green Island and North Point sites were dominated by E. radiata and Sargassum spp. The study sites at Nancy Cove and Green Island are protected from prevailing southerly wind and swell waves by fringing subtidal reefs. North Point is more exposed to north westerly winter storm energy despite some protection from high relief limestone bombies. Vertical subtidal limestone walls with crustose coralline algae and sessile invertebrates were common at Nancy Cove and North Point. Little Armstrong Bay was rarely affected by swell due