1 5. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN IDEAS ON ULTIMATE REALITY AND MEANING: A PLAN AND LIST OF TOPICS The purpose of URAM Research was from the beginning to collect in its historical development all that the human mind ever thought about the ultimate reality and meaning of human existence from humanity’s beginning to the present in an Encyclopedia. The preparatory stage prior to the launching of the journal in 1978 involved construction of the outline of the project with the cooperation of over 50 scholars for twelve years since 1966. Following criticism and enlargement, the first outline was edited again and for four times. The fourth edition was then published in the first issue of the journal in 1978. This is the one our readers find here with additional new ones offered by our authors. The difference is that the topics which during the last thirty years had been analyzed and published in our journal are now marked by volume and page references of issues carrying the articles. The listing in more than one sense is not complete and any suggestions for improvement in any way will be gratefully acknowledged to our readers. Acknowledgments are due to many colleagues and experts for their valuable cooperation in preparing this outline. URAM research gratefully welcomes further any comments, corrections and additions to the present Outline, particularly to the listing of the African Linguistic Families based on O. Kohler, “Geschichte der Gliederung der Sprachen Afrikas.” Die Völker Afrikas und ihre traditonellen Kulturen. Edited by H. Baumann, vol. 1, pp. 131-373. 1975. Wiesbaden: Steiner. We note here that the number each article carries in the journal refers to the section the article makes as a contribution for the planned Encyclopedia of human ideas on ultimate reality and meaning. The word ‘‘human” means that ideas are human, therefore, fallible, open to development. Ideas are human, since no one can be without them. They are human since they are many, just as human beings are. Furthermore, we note also that the purpose of the Outline was to describe the comprehensive nature of the research focusing not on abstract systems and groups but on specific peoples and persons. The whole project of an URAM Encyclopedia is from the beginning divided into four volumes with various sections. DIVISIONS VOL. I Prehistoric and Non-literate Stage Sect. 1.1 Prehistoric Stage Sect. 1.2 Non-literate Stage Part 1. Africa Part 2. Asia Part 3. Australia Part 4. Europe Part 5. North America Part 6. South America 2 VOL. II Historical Age: From the 30th Century B.C. till the 1st Century. B.C. VOL. III Historical Age: From the 1st Century. A.D. till the 19st Century. A.D. VOL. IV Historical Age: 20th Century A.D. 1. Individuals 2. Arts 3. Countries 4. Religions 5. Sciences 6. States of Human Beings 7. Systems VOL. V: U.R.A.M. Science of Ultimate Reality and Meaning ARTICLES AND TOPICS: I VOLUME I: PREHISTORIC AND NON-LITERATE STAGE 1.1 Section 1. Prehistoric Stage 1.1.1 PLIOCENE AND LOWER PLEISTOCENE E: 4 X 106 TO CA. 750,000 YEARS BP Fossil hominids Industry and culture Paranthropus Earliest occupation sites Australopithecus Origin of implemental Homo habilis activity Origin of culture 1.1.2 2ND 3D GLACIATION CA 750,000-180,000 BP Fossil hominids Industry and culture Homo erectus: Acheulean industries Java men, 500,000 BP Acheulean occupation Olduvai hominid 9(LLK2) sites in Africa Heidelberg man, ca. Chou-Kou-Tien cultural complex 500,000 BP Torralba cultural complex Ternifine man, ca Vertesszolos cultural complex 500,000 BP Levallois technics Peking and Lan-tien men Tayacian industry ca. 400,000 BP Lazaret cultural complex Morocco 200,000 BP Incertae sedis hominids Modjokerto (Java hominids) Swartkrans (Telanthropus) 3 Koro-Toro, Tchad Baringo mandible La Niche mandible Vertesszolos Kanjeraman Earliest homo sapiens Swanscombe Steinheim Fontehevade L'Aragó man L. Rudolf mid-pleistocene (L. Leakey and M. Day 1969) 1.1.3 LAST INTERGLACIAL AND LAST GLACIATION CA. 180,000-10,000 BP Fossil hominids Industry and culture Homo sapiens: Middle palaeolithic culture Levantgroup Mousterian group Neanderthal group Upper palaeolithic cultures North African group Aurignacian (Djebel-lrhoud and Gravettian Tanger) Solutrean Subsaharian Africa group Magdalenian Solo human African cultural sequence Mapa human and related American cultural sequence Modern man, homo sapiens Asian cultural sequence Palaeolithic painting and sculpture 1.1.4 RECENT HOLOCENE 10,000-2,000 BP POST GLACIAL Epipalaeolithic cultures Other preagricultural cultures Preagricultural painting and sculpture (Spanish Levant and N. Africa) Agricultural cultures 1.2. Section 2: Non-Literate Stage . 1.2.1 PART 1: AFRICAN LINGUISTIC FAMILIES 1.2.1.1 Afto-Asiatic Linguistic Family 1.2.1.1.1 BERBER Aures Nefusa Sokna 4 Ausjila Rif Tamasheq Ghadames Shavia Tuareg Gharian Shilh Zenega Kabyle Shiva Zenata Sokna 1.2.1.1.2 CHADIC Western Eastern Angas Biyo Bata Bolewa Buduma Bura. Dera Dangaleat Cibak Gerka Djegu Daba Gwandara Djongor Gisiga Hausa Kotoko Hidji Karakare Masa Hina Maha Mogum Kilba Ngamo, Mubi Lamang Ngiziml (Bade) Sokoro Mandara, Ron Somrai Margi Tuburi Matakam Pabir Paduko Tera Wandala 1.2.1.1.3 CUSHITIC Northern Eastern Southern Bedja Afar (Dankali) Alagwa (Alawa) Bishari Alaba Asa-Aramanik Boni Burunge (Mbulunge) Central Burdji Gorowa (Fiome) Awiya Busa Iraqw Bi Darasa. Mbugu Kaila Galla Ngomvia Kemant Ganwada Sanye/Dahalo Khamir Gato Quara Gadwall Western Osmotic Quarasa Haruro, Ari Konso Bako Satem Banno Somali Djanjero Tsamako Gimira Wata Hamar Yaku Kafa Madji Oromo 5 1.2.1.1.4 SEMITIC Ethio-Semific Arabic Dialects Hebrew Amharic Algerian Argobba Egyptian Gafat Hassani Geez Libyan Garage Moroccan Harari Oman Tigre Tunesian Tigrinya Yemenitic 1.2.1. 2 Nilo-Saharan Linguistic Family 1.2.1.2.1 MEKAN-FUR Group Didinga-Mekan Tama Acholi, 11, 11-22 Bodi Mararit Djiye Didinga Sungor Dorobo Longarim Tana Fung Masongo Karimodjong Mekan Maba-Mimi Labwor Murzu Karanga Lango Murle Maba Lotuko Suri Masalit Lwo Yidenic Mimi Masai Nandi Dadju Temein Nuer Dadju Keiga Djirru Okiek Liguri Temein Pokot Shatt Sebei Fur Shilluk Nilotic Tatoga Acioli Teso Alur Turkana Anuak Bari Dinka 1.2.1.2.2 BARYA-NYIMANG Group Barya Gule Nyimang Berta Kunama Tabi 1.2.1.2.3 NUBA-SAHARIAN Group Nubian Saharan Songhai Barabira Berti Dendi 6 Dair Bideat Gao Dilling Kanembu Gundam Midob Kanuri Kado Teda Wogo Tubu Zerma Zaghawa 1.2.1.2.4 MORU-MANGBETU Group Alloru-Madi Mangbutu-Balese Mangebu-Medje Avukaya Amengi Aberu Kaliko Balese Akd Logo Birri Kango Lugbara Bvuba Maele Madi Efe Makere, Moru Mamvu Mangbetu Mangbutu Medje Mumbi Ndo Balendu 1.2.1.2.5 BONGO-BAGIRMI Group Baka Gbaya Bagirtni Beli Binga Sara Bongo Kresh Sinyar 1.2.1.3 Mande Linguistic Family Western Loma Busa Bambara Malinke Boko, Bandi Mau Da Bobo Mende Gagu Dyula Numu Guro, Hwela Soninke Maka Khasonke SUSU Mano Kono Yalunka Mwa Kpelle Nwd Ligbi Eastern Samo Loko, Be Sya Bisa Tura 1.2.1.4 Khoisan Linguistic Family Kwi Group Khoe (Hottentot) Eyasi Group Kham Ganakhoe Hazda Khomani Kora Kangedju Khegwi Kxoe Kindiga 7 Auni Nama Nege Khong Nato Sandawe Wen Shuakhoe Tendega Tshwe Wahi Khung Group 1.2.1.5 Nigritic Linguistic Family 1.2.1.5.1 GUR Group More-Dagban Grusi Gurma-Tamari Birifor Kasena Akasele Bulga Kabre Gangamba Dagara, 7,209-19 Kotokoli Basari Dagornbaa Kuruma Gurma Kusasi Lamba Berba Loberu. Lyele Konkomba Mosi Logba Moba Mamprusi Nunuma Nyende Nankane Puguli Tamari (Somba) Naudem. Sisala Tallensi Tampulma. Wala Vagala Others Bargu Kinna-Tyurama Senufo Bwamu (Bobo) Kulango Win Dogon Lobt Seme 1.2.1.5.2 CENTRAL TOGO Group Adele Basila Likpe Ahlo Bovili Logba Akpafu Kebu Nyangbo Animere Kposo Santrkofi Avatime Lelemi 1.2.1.5.3 KWA Group Kru Guan E'do Bakwe Awutu Bini Basa (Gbasa) Anum Ishan Bete Gonja Kukuruku Dida Nkonya Urhobo, Grebo Kran Gâ-Adangme Ibo,5,188-209;7,84- 101;13,134-44 8 Kra Gâ 24,3-17, 55-551;27,70-84 Krobo, 3,245-55 Idjo Lagoon Ada Brass Abe Ningo Kalaban Adyukru Osu West-Idjo Aladyang Se Air Idoma-Aja Atye Ewe Afn Mbato Ang'lo Agatu Kyarna (Ebrié) Fo Akweya Mina Arago Akan-Anyi Egede Ahanta Anyi Djekri Idoma Akwamu Igala Otupko Akwapim Nago Yaci Akym Asantes 7, 201-8 Nupe Baule Gbari Cakosi (Anufo) Igbira Fanti Nupe Nazima Yoruba, 7,173,189-200; 11, 232-42; 14, 21-9 1.2.1.5.4 ATLANTIC Group Baga Manjaku Bullom Balanta Nalu Cola Banhum Nclut Kisi Biafada Serer Koba Diola Tenda Krim Fula Wolof Limba Kobiana Bijago Sherbro Konyagi Papel Sua (Mansoanka) Lehar Temne 1.2.1.5.5 DAMAUA Group Bua Fah Mboi Cham Kam Mbum Chamba Kumba Mung Daka Longuda Nimbari Duru Masa 1.2.1.5.6 UBANGI Group Amadi (Ma) Gundi Nzakara 9 Banda Mba Pambia Baramba Mondunga Sango Bua Monzombo Sere Dongo Ngbaka Yakobi Feroge Ngandi Zande, 1,240-50 Gbaya Ndogo 1.2.1.5.7 CENTRAL NIGRITIC Group Ekoi Bamencla Plateau Abanyom Bafut Basa Balep Kaka Butawa Etung Kom Duka Ekadjug Menerno Birom Mbe Tikar Boyawa Wimbum Kambari Cross River Koro Andom. Mambila-Tiv Kwol Annang Abo Doki Batu Rindre Efik Bitare Rukuba Ibibio Bute Ikorn Kamkarn Djukunoid Kila Ashaku Bamileke Mambila Djukun Bafu Ndoro Eregba Bamnum Tiv Kentu Bangwa Kuteb Bandjun Djarawa Nama Bapi Bankala Nyidu Bati Djaku Djarawa Mama Mbula 1.2.1.5.8 EASTERN NIGRITIC Group: BANTU N W Bantu SANAGA Zone OGOWE Zone CONGO Zone Bafia Bali Bangi Basa Fumu Bushongo Benga Kande Kuba Bube Kele Lele Duala Mbangwe Mbangwe Ewondo Kota Mboko 10 Fang Mbete Mboshi Kaka Myene Mongo Koko Nzabi Ngombe Lundu Punu Ngundi Maka Shira Nkundu Njern Sheke Soko Pomo Teke Tetela Sanaga Tende Wongo (Njembe) Tsogo Yanzi N Bantu KIVU Zone Fulino Nyankole Bembe Ganda Nyarwanda Bira Gisu Nyika Ena Gusii Nguruirm Huku Ha Nyoro Holololo Haya Pokomo Konjo Hunde Rundi,4,260-71, 310-1 Lega Jinja Sese Mbole Kerebe Simbete Nandi Kikuyu Sonjo Peri Kuria Suba Songola VICTORIA Zone Kwaya Taita Kirinyage Tharaka Chaga Luhya Vinza Chika Meru Zanaki N.E.Bantu TABORA Zone Bende Bena Pemba Iramba Gogo Pogoro, Irangi Hehe Sango Kimbu.