!i The Composition of the Spring 2019 Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief Editors Dimitri Vallejo Clara Apostolatos Kevin Bacallao Nathan Barlow Matthew Chagares Izan Cruz Executive Editors Ellis Feldman Ray Abruzzi Emilia Flack Tommy Song Ignacio Gaffney Hana Ghonemia Khadija Hussain Sara McGeough Andrea Jensen Managing Editors Jung Kim Ali Hassani Danielle Mikaelian Hiba Ismail Phoebe Newton Sanjay Paul Nathan Santos Madisen Siegel Layla Tabbal Director of the Art History Initiative Harrison Voss Katherine Ko Xinyi (Vienna) Zhu Meet the Team at www.ColumbiaHistoryJournal.com The Columbia Journal of History, formerly the Columbia Undergraduate Journal of History, is a publication of the Undergraduate History Council at Columbia University and sponsored by the Columbia University History Department. The Journal provides opportunities for students to contribute their research to the field of history. We review undergraduate submissions from history departments across the United States and abroad, and then select the most exemplary among them to be published in the Journal. The Columbia Journal of History is an open access journal. Our published content is free to access without charge to the user or their institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. Authors retain their copyright and agree to license their articles with a Creative Commons “Attribution” License (CC-BY) unless otherwise noted on the article landing page. You can read more about Creative Commons licenses at www.CreativeCommons.org. The opinions expressed by the authors of the articles included do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Columbia Journal of History or Columbia University. If you are an advertiser interested in sponsoring the next edition of the Columbia Journal of History, please send us an email at [email protected]. Cover image courtesy of Buildings and Grounds Collection, Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. SUMMER 2019 EDITION COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF HISTORY VOLUME 3: ISSUE 2 !ii A BOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS HEIDI KATTER, Yale University, Class of 2020: specializes in environmental and Native American history with additional interests in global early modern history, the history of education, and anthropology/archaeology. She is passionate about expanding history curricula at the high school level to include marginalized narratives. She plans to pursue graduate studies in History. MARY KATE WOLKEN, Creighton University, Class of 2019: specializes in the History of Medicine with an emphasis on European history. She is fascinated with the intersection of gender and science, as well as the impacts of medical knowledge in social development. She will teach in Spain on a Fulbright Fellowship for the 2019-2020 school year before attending the University of Minnesota in pursuit of her PhD in the History of Medicine. ELIZABETH SADUSKY, University of St. Thomas, Class of 2019: specializes in Eastern European history and the history of the former Soviet Union. She also majored in International Relations, with a similar focus. She is currently working as a member advisor before attending Central European University to complete her Masters in Nationalism Studies in the fall of 2019. PERRY IVIE YOUNG, Columbia University, Class of 2020: majors in both mathematics and history. Perry’s research interests center in twentieth century European history, and especially in the Stalin period of the Soviet Union. In a tradition of embracing foreign languages, Perry plans to spend the coming summer in Russia reading archival documents in "Bolshevik," in preparation to write a history senior thesis. CHRIS LAMACK, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Class of 2019: majored in History and Archaeology. He is currently studying the historical archaeology of South Asia as a PhD candidate in Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania. Chris' primary historical interests include Medieval and Early Modern South/Central Asia, historical memory, imperial encounter/interaction, and the history of anthropology/archaeology. INES MAXIMIANO, SOAS University of London, Class of 2019: majored in international relations and history, specializing in Ottoman and Middle Eastern history, particularly that of the 2011 Arab Revolution. In July, she will be finishing her master’s program in human rights, with a focus in international human rights law at the University College London. SUMMER 2019 EDITION COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF HISTORY VOLUME 3: ISSUE 2 !iii A BOUT ART HISTORY INITIATIVE CONTRIBUTORS CECILY CHEN, University of Pennsylvania, Class of 2020: dual major in English and History of Art, specializes in post-1945 modern and contemporary American and European art, and is currently researching pornographic fiction and art created by female artists in the late 1980s. After graduation she wishes to do curatorial research for the contemporary art scene and also to pursue a PhD in English. ROY NG YU QUAN, National University of Singapore, Class of 2019: specializes in art and postcolonialism; has written his honours thesis on the history of art in Singapore and Malaya, with a focus on social realism and abstraction from the 1950s to 1970s. After graduation he will pursue a Master’s degree in the History of Art and Visual Culture at the University of Oxford and plans to work as a curator. MAIA A. KAMEHIRO-STOCKWELL, Univeristy of California, Santa Barbra, Class of 2018: specializes in the intersection of the arts and environmental studies, with a focus on art activism as it relates to climate justice, food systems, and issues of representation around "race," culture, and place. Since graduating, she has been working at an exhibition space exploring the incarceration of Japanese Americans during WWII and its relevance to exclusionary policies, immigration and carceral states. IZZY DESANTIS, The Ohio State University, Class of 2020: is a double major in Art History and Creative Writing, with a minor in Medieval and Renaissance Studies. She is interested in the intersections of art history, illustration, book arts, and feminism, both in academia and her own art practice. After Ohio State, she intends to earn an MA in Art History and work in museum education, while also pursuing her career as a novelist. SUMMER 2019 EDITION COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF HISTORY VOLUME 3: ISSUE 2 !iv A CKNOWLEDGEMENT FROM THE EDITOR- IN-CHIEF On behalf of the Spring 2019 CJH Editorial Board, I am proud to present the Columbia Journal of History: Summer 2019 Edition. We opened our submission portal for less than three weeks in January and received over seventy papers to review—slightly more than the previous edition that opened for nearly three months. Our readership analytics for the CJH: Winter 2018 Edition report nearly five thousand unique visitors from across the United States as well as from countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada, South Korea, India, France, Germany, Japan, and the United Arab Emirates (as of June 6th, 2019). This not only shows a growing interest in our publication, but also reveals a global fascination with topics addressed by undergraduate research. We hope that this Journal will continue to help make the study of history a more collective, shared endeavor. With the invaluable support and insight of our extraordinary faculty advising board, the Executive Committee of the Journal selected six papers for publication—roughly 9% of total submissions. These articles were selected for recognition and publication due to their precision, nuance, and persuasiveness of argument, as well as the grace and elegance of their prose. Our staff worked tirelessly with the author of each article over the course of four months to revise these excellent manuscripts to the structure, style, and overall expectations of the Journal. We hope that the articles we have selected accurately represent the key questions, methods, and techniques of historical inquiry. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to the authors of these remarkable articles for providing us with the enriching opportunity to work alongside you throughout the lengthy publication process. While we began by only publishing the Journal on an annual basis, the current issue initiates a tradition of publication on a semesterly basis. This particular installment of our publication is significant, not only because it marks the completed transition to a semesterly publication cycle, but also because of the successful inclusion of the Columbia Art History Initiative (CAHI). Editors involved in the CAHI project focused on assembling high-quality articles from undergraduate students around the world in the hope of furthering discussion in the field of Art History. In late November 2018, CAHI editors delivered solicitations to numerous Art History Departments from across the United States and around the world; this yielded an unexpected response of over forty-five submissions. As a result, CJH decided to include four of the most exemplary short articles at the center of this semester’s issue. I encourage the reader to review these articles and send us feedback on whether we should continue this tradition in the future. SUMMER 2019 EDITION COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF HISTORY VOLUME 3: ISSUE 2 !v The CJH staff are excited by the progress in fostering critical intellectual dialogue and recognizing outstanding undergraduate scholarship in the field of history, a process we hope continues