Heritage Study Heathcote- Strathfieldsaye Thematic History September 2002 APPROVED CHECKED DATE DATE © Earth Tech Engineering Pty Ltd All Rights Reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, transmitted, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language in any form by any means without the written permission of Earth Tech Engineering Pty Ltd. Intellectual Property Rights All Rights Reserved. All methods, processes, commercial proposals and other contents described in this document are the confidential intellectual property of Earth Tech Engineering Pty Ltd and may not be used or disclosed to any party without the written permission of Earth Tech Engineering Pty Ltd. Earth Tech Engineering Pty. Ltd. ABN 61 089 482 888 Shepparton Office 108 Wyndham Street Shepparton VIC 3630 Tel +61 3 5831 8777 formerly City of Greater Bendigo Heathcote-Strathfieldsaye Heritage Study City of Greater Bendigo Heathcote-Strathfieldsaye Heritage Study Stage One -Thematic Environmental History and Identification of Places of Potential Cultural Significance Contents Volume 1 Thematic Environmental History ..................................................................1 1 Executive Summary & Recommendation .................................................................1 1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Purpose of Study ................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Steering Committee ............................................................................................................ 1 1.4 Study Team........................................................................................................................... 2 1.5 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.6 Constraints............................................................................................................................ 3 1.7 Main Findings of the Study............................................................................................... 3 1.8 Resources for Stage 2 of the Study................................................................................... 3 1.9 Recommendations............................................................................................................... 4 2 Thematic Environmental History...............................................................................5 2.1 Tracing the evolution of the Australian Environment ................................................. 5 2.1.1 Assessing scientifically diverse environments .....................................................5 2.2 Peopling Australia............................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Migrating ................................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Developing local, regional and national economies................................................... 13 2.3.1 Surveying the continent......................................................................................... 13 2.3.1.1 Looking for overland stock routes .............................................................................. 13 2.3.1.2 Prospecting for precious metals................................................................................. 14 2.3.2 Looking for land with agricultural potential...................................................... 15 2.3.2.1 Laying out boundaries............................................................................................... 16 2.3.3 Utilising natural resources .................................................................................... 17 2.3.3.1 Mining....................................................................................................................... 17 2.3.3.2 Making forests into a saleable resource...................................................................... 20 2.3.4 Developing primary production .......................................................................... 22 2.3.5 Developing agricultural industries ...................................................................... 24 2.4 Establishing Communications........................................................................................ 28 2.4.1 Establishing postal services................................................................................... 28 2.5 Moving goods and people ............................................................................................... 29 2.5.1 Building and maintaining railways ..................................................................... 29 2.5.1.1 Building and Maintaining Roads.............................................................................. 33 Heathcote - Strathfieldsaye Heritage Study 2.5.2 Altering the Environment ..................................................................................... 37 2.5.2.1 Irrigating Land.......................................................................................................... 37 2.5.3 Establishing water supplies .................................................................................. 40 2.6 Feeding people................................................................................................................... 41 2.6.1 Developing sources of fresh local produce ......................................................... 41 2.7 Informing Australians...................................................................................................... 44 2.7.1 Making, printing and distributing newspapers ................................................. 44 2.7.2 Providing health services ...................................................................................... 44 2.8 Building settlements, towns and cities.......................................................................... 46 2.8.1 Planning urban settlements................................................................................... 46 2.8.1.1 Selecting township sites............................................................................................. 46 2.9 Educating ............................................................................................................................ 49 2.9.1 Forming associations, libraries and institutes for self education..................... 49 2.9.2 Establishing schools ............................................................................................... 50 2.10 Governing........................................................................................................................... 54 2.10.1 Governing Australia as a province of the British Empire................................. 54 2.10.2 Developing institutions of self-government and democracy ........................... 55 2.10.3 Administering Australia........................................................................................ 56 2.10.4 Establishing regional and local identity .............................................................. 57 2.11 Developing Australia’s cultural life .............................................................................. 59 2.11.1 Organising recreation ............................................................................................ 59 2.11.1.1 Developing public parks and gardens........................................................................ 64 2.11.2 Worshipping ........................................................................................................... 65 2.11.2.1 Making places for worship......................................................................................... 65 2.11.3 Honouring achievement........................................................................................ 69 2.11.4 Remembering the fallen......................................................................................... 69 2.12 Marking the Phases of Life.............................................................................................. 71 2.12.1 Dying........................................................................................................................ 71 3 Bibliography.................................................................................................................74 Heathcote-Strathfieldsaye Specific........................................................................................ 74 Heathcote-Strathfieldsaye District Specific......................................................................... 74 Bendigo Specific........................................................................................................................ 76 Theme Specific Items ............................................................................................................... 76 Chinese History......................................................................................................................... 77 Developing local, regional and national economic ............................................................ 78 Maps ............................................................................................................................................ 78 Making forests into a saleable resource...............................................................................