PHOENICIAN SHIPS: TYPES, TRENDS, TRADE AND TREACHEROUS TRADE ROUTES by ANNE MARIE SMITH Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the subject BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF. CL vW SCHEEPERS November 2012 Student number: 31063543 I declare that PHOENICIAN SHIPS: TYPES, TRENDS, TRADE AND TREACHEROUS TRADE ROUTES is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. _________________________ ___________________________ SIGNATURE DATE (Mrs) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................................ ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................. xi SUMMARY .................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ............................................................................... 1 1.3 HYPOTHESIS................................................................................................ 2 1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ...................................................... 2 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................................. 2 1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...................................................................... 3 1.7 STRUCTURE OF THE DISSERTATION ........................................................ 4 1.7.1 Phoenician Ships .................................................................................. 4 1.7.2 Types ..................................................................................................... 5 1.7.3 Trends ................................................................................................... 5 1.7.4 Trade ...................................................................................................... 6 1.7.5 Treacherous Trade-routes.................................................................... 6 1.8 DEFINITIONS AND DELINEATIONS ............................................................. 6 1.9 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. 7 1.9.1 Donald Harden ...................................................................................... 7 1.9.2 Gerhard Herm........................................................................................ 8 1.9.3 Jean Mazel ............................................................................................. 8 1.9.4 Jürgen Spanuth .................................................................................... 9 1.9.5 Maria Eugenia Aubet (Semmler) .......................................................... 9 1.9.6 Glenn Markoe ...................................................................................... 10 1.9.7 Maitland A. Edey (ed.) ......................................................................... 11 1.9.8 Sabatino Moscati (ed.) ........................................................................ 11 1.9.9 Nina Jedidian ...................................................................................... 12 1.9.1 Lionel Casson ..................................................................................... 12 1.9.11 Shelley Wachsmann ........................................................................... 12 1.9.12 Serge Lancel ....................................................................................... 13 1.9.13 Richard Miles ...................................................................................... 13 1.9.14 Articles ................................................................................................ 13 iii CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................. 15 WHO WERE THE PHOENICIANS ................................................ 15 2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 15 2.1.1 Where did the Phoenicians come from? ........................................... 16 2.2 FROM DESERT WANDERERS TO SHIPBUILDERS .................................. 17 2.3 WHICH OF THESE OPINIONS IS CORRECT? ........................................... 18 CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................. 20 FROM WHOM DID THE PHOENICIANS LEARN TO BUILD SHIPS ........................................................................................... 20 3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 20 3.2 CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH SHIPS WERE USED .................................. 20 3.2.1 Egyptian ships .................................................................................... 20 3.2.2 Phoenician ships ................................................................................ 21 3.3 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES ................................................................ 22 3.3.1 Egyptian construction techniques .................................................... 22 3.3.2 Phoenician construction techniques ................................................ 23 3.3.3 Use of a rope spine on Egyptian seagoing ships ............................. 25 3.3.4 Absence of rope spines on Canaanite/Phoenician ships ................ 30 3.4 SHAPE OF THE STERN ............................................................................. 30 3.4.1 Shape of the stern on Egyptian ships ............................................... 30 3.4.2 The shape of the stern on Canaanite/Phoenician ships................... 31 3.5 METHOD OF ATTACHING THE MAST ....................................................... 31 3.5.1 Method and problems to attach a mast on Egyptian ships ............. 31 3.5.2 Method to attach a mast on a Canaanite/Phoenician ship ............... 32 3.6 SAILS .......................................................................................................... 34 3.6.1 Sails on Egyptian ships ...................................................................... 34 3.6.2 Sails on Canaanite/Phoenician ships ................................................ 35 3.6.3 The invasion of the Sea Peoples ....................................................... 37 3.7 PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS.................................................................. 39 3.8 MESOPOTAMIAN SHIPS ............................................................................ 39 3.9 SHIPS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN CULTURES ........................................ 43 3.9.1 What other cultures could have had ships in the Mediterranean? .. 43 3.9.2 Cypriot ships ....................................................................................... 43 3.9.3 Aegean ships ...................................................................................... 44 3.9.4 Minoan/Cycladic Ships ....................................................................... 46 iv 3.9.5 Mycenaean/Achaean Ships ................................................................ 47 3.9.6 Conclusions ........................................................................................ 49 3.10 THE MEGALITH BUILDERS ....................................................................... 50 3.10.1 Who were the Megalith Builders? ...................................................... 50 3.10.1 Transport by means of ships ............................................................. 51 3.10.2 Mortise-and-tenon joints .................................................................... 52 3.10.3 Sails ..................................................................................................... 55 3.10.4 Decorated stem- and sternposts ....................................................... 55 3.10.5 Possible development of the mortise-and-tenon joints ................... 56 3.11 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................. 58 PHOENICIAN MERCHANT SHIPS ............................................... 58 4.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 58 4.2 TYPES OF MERCHANT SHIPS .................................................................. 59 4.2.1 Ships of Byblos, or kubna s hips........................................................ 59 4.2.2 mnš ships ............................................................................................ 61 4.2.3 Ships of Tarshish, or ôniyat tar’siś ................................................... 63 4.2.4 Horse transport ships ......................................................................... 66 4.2.5 Phoenician trading ship second century BCE .................................. 69 4.2.6 Carthaginian merchant ships ............................................................. 71 4.3 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................. 73 CHAPTER 5 .................................................................................. 74 PHOENICIAN WARSHIPS ...........................................................