===-=========-. _-·· -·.·::::-..:::=:·_-··-= OLEOMARGARINE. -_--·-·--:=::·:-c:.:c:: ___ -- -=---·=--= ====--======= (515) OLEOMARGARINE. By ,Jmrn H. GARBER. Tab1c 1 shows the totals for the manufacture of oleo- \ inclusive, with the percentages of increase for each marg·arine as reported at the censu;;es of 1880 to 1900, decade. 'l'ABLE 1.-COiHPARA'l'IVE SU:MMARY, 1880 TO 1900, "WITH PER CENT OF INCREASE I<'OR EACH DECADE. DATE 01' CENSUS. PEit CE!':T OP Il<Cll8ASE. 1900 1890 1880 1800 to llJOO 1880 to 18110 ---- Number of establishments ......................................................... 24. 12 J5 100.0 120. 0 Capital. ............................................................................ 83,023, ~~2 $63•1, 532 81, 680, 300 376. 5 '62, 2 S11hnicd oftlcials, clerks, etc., number ............................................. 61 (') 510. 6 ·············· Salaries ....................... -............................... --. -.. -................. -· .. ----- $412, 012 $91, 752 (') 349. 0 1, 084 204 599 310. 0 ........ "i55:9 iYo1~g~r;e'i.~~·-~~--~1:1~~:.1:'.~~~:'.·::: :: :: : :: :: :: :: : : : :: :: : : :: :: ::: :::::::: :: :: ::: :::::: $531,144 $154, 138 $212, 952 246. 7 127.6 li!en 1 16 years n11cl over ................................................................ 1, 007 252 561 299. 6 155. l W11.ges ......................................................................... $511, 238 $150, 918 (') 238.8 . ........i:i8:9 Women, 1G years and over .................................................... .. G5 11 18 490. g Wage• ••••....••........••••.•••.•.•.•••...••......•.......••••.......•.•...•.•• $21,009 $2,870 (') 63«. 0 Children, under 16 years ....................................................... 12 l 20 1, 100. 0 ......... i9.5.'o $2, 197 $350 ~·) 527. 7 ······ ······· $2, 489, 784 $385,563 ") 545.8 · ···· · · ··ifio.'s E~~f~~~:?i~~;~~i~i~~~:: :: :: : : : : : : :::::: ::: :: ::: ::: :: ::::::::: :::::: :: ::: ::: ::: :: :: $7, 639, 501 $2, 175,264 $5, •]86, l•ll 251. 2 Value ol products .................................................................. $12, 499, 812 $2, 988, 525 $6,892, 939 318.3 '66.6 1 Dearease. 'Not reportecl separately. a Not t·eportcd. 'While the industry was in existence prior to 1880, N cw York, with $645,500 capital and procluds valued at statistics concerning it :fl.nit appear in the census reports $5,338, 753; in 1890 none were reported. At the census , for that year. From Table 1 it appears that there was of 1890 there had not been time for lt readjustment and a genera} decrease in the industry during· the tleca<le redistribution of the industry, and the figures of tho ending· with 1890, followed by a large increase during Tenth Census afford, therefore, a better basis of compari­ the ten years ending with 1900. Oleomargarine is, son than do those of the Eleventh Census. It appear:-; however, frequently rnanufacturetl in connection with from Table 1 that during the twenty year8 there was a slaughtering- ancl meat packing, and in such cases it is net gain of 9 in the number of esfablishments, while the difficult to obtain data which relate exdusively to its capifal increased from $1,680,300 to $3,023,646, nnd the production; it is possible that at prior censuses the value of products from $6,892,939 to $12,499,812. In statifitics for oleomargarine so manufactured were not 1880 the average number of wage-earners was 599, and separately reported, and to this extent may fall short the wages paid, $212,952; by 1900 the number had of representing the tofal for the industry. Of the 24 . increased to 1,084 and the wages to $534,44,1. The establishments reported for 1900, 8 manufactured oleo­ amount paid for miscellaneous expenses was not re­ margarine in connection with slaughtering and meat ported in 1880; of the $2,489,784 reported for this item packing. in 1900, more than two mi1lion dollars 1vere reprnsented Table 1 shows that from 1880 to 1890 the number of by the internal-revenue tax of 2 centl:l a pound. estal11ishments decreased from 15 to 12; the capital The distribution by cities of the 2± establishments from $1,680,300 to $634,532; and the products from reported at the present census is as follows: Chicago, $6,892,939 to $2,988,525. This ]arge decrease is clue, Ill., 6; Providence, R. I., 3; Indianapolis, Incl., 2; Wash­ in i1art, to the fact that certain states-notably New ington, D. C., 2; Kansaoi City, Kans., 2; Kansas City, York-enacted effective 1egis1ation antagonistic to the :Mo., l; Hammond, Ind., 1; East St. Louis, Ill., 1; Pitts­ manufacture of oleonuirgarine, and the act of Congress burg, Pa., 1; Louisville, Ky., 1; Columbus, Ohio, 1; of 1886 imposing a special yearly tax of $600 on rrnmufac­ Cleveland, Ohio, 1; Houston, Tex., 1; Camden, N .•T., 1. tmers forced a few small producers out of business. predominate~; 1 The corporate form of organization in The census report for 1880 shows 5 establishments in this industry, 17 establishments being opcmted hy incor­ 1 Report of lVIannfac1mres at the Tenth CensnH, page G2. porated companies, ±by individuals, Rml H by firm::; er (51/) 518 .MANUFACTURES. limited partnerships. Fifteen establishments were that of cash and sundries, which includes cash on lmncl, engaged in the manufacture of oleomargarine as a sep­ bills recchrable, unsettled ledger accounts, raw m11to. arate and independent business, 1 was more extensively rials, stock in process of manufacture, finished }Jl'ocl­ engaged in manufacturing neutral lard for export, and ncts on hand, and other sundries. In 1900, $1,804,ll81 the remaining 8 made the industry an adjunct to slaugh­ was reported for this item, and ·in 1890, $499,0f)S, nu tering and meat packing. increase o:f 261.6 per cent. In 1900 the value of tlw Table 2 presents a comparative statement of capital owned land and buildings, as reported by 13 estn.blliHh­ for 1890 and 1900, with the percentages of increase for ments, was $200,868 and $535,620, respectively. 'l'liP the ten years. remaining 11 establishments paid $16,800 for rent of land and buildings. The $482,477 reported HS invost1~1l in machinery, tools, and implements in 1900 rcpr(lStJUt,; TABLE 2.-COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, CAPITAL: 1890-1900. the value of the equipment of all of the 24 plant::;, this part of the capital being owned by the manufactnrnr i11 Per cent of ITEMS. 1900 1800 increase. every instance. The. amount represents an averng(I of -~---- $20,103 for each :factory. The smallest amount reportt•d Capital: for this item o:f capital :from any plant was $500; (.)in Total ............................. 83,023,646 S634,532 376.5 Land ..•...•.....•.....•••.... 200,868 32,23<1 523. 2 largest amount, $105,000. The equipment is singularl.1· Buildings .................... 535, 620 29, 900 1, 691. 4 Machinery, tools, and imple- free :from delicate and complex machinery, and is tlrnrP­ ments ...................... 482, 477 73,800 558. 2 Ca.sh and sundries ••.....•.... l, 804, 081 ,199, 098 261. 6 :fore subject to compriratively little deterioration through use. The capital is shown by Table 2 to have increased Table 3 shows the quantity and cost o:f the ditfcrl'tmt from $634,532 in 1890 to $3,023,646 in 1900, a gain materials used and the quantity and value of p1·oduct:-< of 376. 5 per cent. The largest item for each year was as reported for the census year 1900. TABLE 3.-MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS: 1900. ====:=o===================================c-~~=== =CT=========================:=======================~-:=- . Cost of Value of Cost of Valnuol ITEMS, Quantity. materials. products. ITEMS. Quantity. materials, prodtll'I•. Materials: Pounds. Materials-continued: Pouncls. Total • . • • .. • • • •• • • • • • . • • • • • .. 114, 748, 633 $7, 039, 501 ............. Stettrin and oleo stock......... 134, 541 $4,320 ~~~~1.~~~~1 Fuelandrentofpowerandheat ............ .. 49,855 Milk .and cream • . .. .. .. .. • .. 23, 684, 395 579,068 •••••• ....... Mill supplies ................................ 5,745 Oleo oil • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • • • • . • .. 33, 724, 621 2,744, 285 .....•••...•.. All other materials ......................... 501,107 Neutml lard.................... 37, 651, 741 2, 976, 870 .•.••••••.•••• Freight ..................................... 50, 792 Cottonseed oil • . • • . • • • • . • .. • • • • 11, 818, 921 667, 790 ....••........ Products: Butter • . • . • . • • • • • . • . .. • • . • 396, 956 61,176 ..•••••...•••• Total............................... 104, 633, 214 ............. $12, 4\1J, Sl'J So.It. • . • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • 6, 962, 233 68,887 ............. Color • . • . • • • . • • . • . • • . • . • • . 204, 418 32,078 ., .••.••••••.. Oleomargarine................. 104,633,2H •••••••.•.•... J2,21ltl,:l.°•7 ~y~~;.se::::::::::::: :::::::::::: 1 ~~:~~~ 7,~~! :::::::::::::: All other products............... ...... ........ ................. •.!JlJ,.Jr~f This tuble shows that there wern used· during the. cen­ milk and cream .used. It is calcu1ated that the solicl sus year 114, 748,633 pounds of material to produce ingredients-those giving out pound for pound in tho 104,633,214 pounds of oleomargarine, indicating a loss churning process-will gain from 10 to 20 per cent in of 10,115,419 pounds in the manufacturing process. weight through the absorption of butter fats and otlaw While there is a slight shrinkage through evaporation constituents of milk. The largest factor,Y in point of and other natural causes, the principal loss ii:i from the output manufactured more than 15,000,000 paunch~ of milk lmd cream, only part