INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313 761-4700 800 521-0600 Order Number 9505155 An assessment of the equal opportunity performance of the National Apprenticeship Program Bennici, Frank Joseph, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1994 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EQUAL OPPORTUNITY PERFORMANCE OF THE NATIONAL APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Frank Joseph Bennici, B.A., M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 1994 Dissertation Committee: Approved by S. L. M angum S. M. Hills / Adviser/ C. F. Adams, Jr. Stephen L. Mangnm Labor and Human Resources To My Parents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express sincere appreciation to Dr. Stephen L. Mangum for his guidance and insight throughout the research. Thanks go to the other members of my advisory committee, Drs. Stephen M. Hills and Charles F. Adams, Jr., for their suggestions and comments. Gratitude is expressed to Dr. Sigurd Nilsen, and Ms. Ellen Sehgal at the U.S. General Accounting Office, and Dr. Alex Ratnofsky of Westat, Inc., for their support and encouragement, and to Dr. James Van Erden, Mr. Anthony Swoope, and Mr. Ronald Mattucci of the Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training for their cooperation and assistance. The technical assistance of Robert DeRoy, John Brown, and Saunders Freeland, Nancy Merrill, Beth Sinclair, Joyce Lee Jones and Randall Gentry is gratefully acknowledged. To my wife, Sensovann, I offer sincere thanks for unshakable faith in me and your willingness to endure with me the vicissitudes of my endeavors. To my children, Maria and Anthony, I thank you for understanding my frequent absences. VITA March 6, 1957 ........................................................ Bom - Garfield Heights, Ohio 1985 .................................................................... B.A., John Carroll University, Cleveland, Ohio 1986 .................................................................... M.A., School of Economics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1990-199 1 .............................................................. Doctoral Research Intern, U.S. General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C. 1991-Present ........................................................ Research Analyst, Westat, Inc., Rockville, Maryland PUBLICATIONS Bennici, Frank J., and C.F. Adams, Jr. "Localized Economic and Employment Policy." Book Review Essay in Urban Affairs Quarterly, pp. 615-23, 1989. Bennici, Frank J. and Stephen L. Mangum. "Vocational Education and Apprenticeship: An Empirical Investigation of Complementarity." Proceeding of the Forty-fourth Annual Meeting, of the Industrial Relations Research Association, pp. 637-643, 1992. Bennici, Frank J. and Lucy Gray. JTPA Program Highlights. Vol. 1, No. 3. U.S. Department of Labor, 1993. Bennici, Frank J. and Lucy Gray. JTPA Program Highlights. Vol. 1, No. 4. U.S. Department of Labor, 1993. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Labor and Human Resources Studies in Labor Market Analysis TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................................................... iii VITA .....................................................................................................................................................................iv LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................................... ix ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER PAGE I. IN TRO D U C TIO N ....................................................................................................................... 1 II. THE NATIONAL A PPREN TICESH IP PROGRAM .................................................... 9 Origin of the National Apprenticeship Program...................................................... 9 Administering the National Apprenticeship Program........................................... 12 Apprenticeship Standards......................................................................................... 13 Registration .................................................................................................................. 15 Monitoring Programs and Apprentices.............................................................. 18 Key Players in the National Apprenticeship Program........................................... 19 The Federal Committee on Apprenticeship ...................................................... 19 Program Sponsors....................................................................................................... 20 Characteristics of the National Apprenticeship Program ..................................... 23 Volume of Apprenticeship Training ................................................................... 23 Apprentices ......................................................................................................... 23 Programs ............................................................................................................... 24 Industry Use of Apprenticeship ........................................................................... 25 Occupations of Apprenticeship Training...................................................... 29 Geographic Location of Apprenticeship...................................................... 29 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 32 III. POLICIES PROMOTING EQUAL OPPORTUNITY IN APPRENTICESHIP . 34 Executive Orders and Legislation................................................................................. 34 Apprenticeship A ntidiscrimination Regulations...................................................... 38 Affirmative Action P lans......................................................................................... 44 Selection of Apprentices ......................................................................................... 45 Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement........................................................ 45 Special Measures to Increase Minority Participation............................................. 47 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 49 v IV. LITERATURE REVIEW 51 Equal Opportunity in Apprenticeship.......................................................................... 53 Increasing the Number of Minorities in Apprenticeship................................. 54 Minority Representation in Apprenticeship....................................................... 61 Enforcement of Equal Opportunity in Apprenticeship............................................ 72 Goal of Equal Opportunity in Apprenticeship.................................................... 72 Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action Compliance Monitoring.... 73 Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action Enforcem.............................. ent 75 Equal Opportunity in Employment............................................................................... 80 Impact of Affirmative A ction.................................................................................. 81 Impact of Equal Opportunity Legislation............................................................ 84 Economywide Impact of Antidiscrimination Activities................................. 86 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 88 V. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................................................... 91 VI. METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................................................