OECD expert meeting hosted by the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research Oslo, Norway 2-3 June 2008 ICTs and Gender Pierre Montagnier 1 Conceptual framework Focus of this presentation ECONOMY CONSUMPTION ICT demand Households Business Government ICT uptake ICT intensity ICT skills ICT infrastructure ICT supply PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY Labour Capital Source: Adapted from OECD, Guide to Measuring the Information Society (2005), and ORBICOM, Monitoring the Digital Divide… and Beyond (2003). 2 Share of women in ICT using occupations1, selected OECD countries, 2004 (% of total ICT-skilled occupations) Clerical Other 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Italy Poland Ireland Spain Finland France Iceland NorwayBelgium GreecePortugal Hungary Sweden Denmark Germany Austria (2) SwitzerlandNetherlands United States Luxembourg Czech RepublicSlovak Republic United Kingdom 1. Broad definition based on methodology described in OECD 2004 Information Technology Outlook, van Welsum and Vickery (2005) and van Welsum and Reif (2006). 2. 2003 instead of 2004. 3 Source: OECD OECD, based on EULFS and US Current Population Survey. Share of women computing professionals1, selected OECD countries, 1998 and 2004 percentage (%) 1998 2004 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Italy Spain France Poland FinlandGreeceIcelandSweden Portugal HungaryNorway Belgium Ireland (2) Denmark Germany Austria (3) LuxembourgSwitzerlandNetherlands Slovak Republic United Kingdom Czech Republic 1. Computing Professional = ISCO 88 category code 213 2. 1999 instead of 1998. 3. 2003 instead of 2004. 4 Source: OECD, based on data from Eurostat, Newcronos database, 2006. Share of women in selected ICT industries1 in selected OECD countries, 2004 percentage EU countries2, 2004 Korea, 2003 United States3, 2004 (%) (%) (%) 40 40 40 35 35 35 30 30 30 25 25 25 20 20 20 15 15 15 10 10 10 5 5 5 0 0 0 3341 30 32 64 72 30 32 64 72 515+5171 518+5415 3342+3343 ISIC rev.3.1 ISIC rev.3.1 NAICS 2002 1. Computing Professional = ISCO 88 category code 213 2. 1999 instead of 1998. 3. 2003 instead of 2004. 5 Source: OECD, based on data from Eurostat, Newcronos database, 2006. (%) 2 Men Women difference 20 15 PercentageGender of individuals who gap have taken in computer courses, selected OECD a computer course in the last 12 months 10 5 0 countries, 2005 -5 Italy Spain Finland Ireland Poland IcelandGreece Norway Austria DenmarkSweden HungaryPortugal Germany Netherlands Luxembourg Slovak Republic United KingdomCzech Republic Source: OECD, based on data from Eurostat, New Cronos database, 2006. 6 Evolution of Internet access gender gap in selected countries, 1998-2005 1 % 0 United States Australia -2 Sweden -4 United -6 Kingdom -8 Norway Japan -10 Austria -12 Korea -14 -16 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 1. Differences in percentage points between women and men internet use/acess; individual home access in Sweden, Internet use from any location in other countries 7 Source: OECD, based on data from national statistical offices and official sources, 2006. Individuals using the Internet from any location by gender, 2007 % of adults 100 Female Male 80 60 40 20 0 a. 2006. b. 2005. Source: OECD, ICT database and Eurostat, Community Survey on ICT usage in households 8 and by individuals, January 2008. Gender differences1 in Internet usage rate in Korea, 2000-2006 (%) 5 0 difference 30s difference 6-19 years -5 difference 20s -10 All -15 difference 40s -20 difference 60s or older -25 difference 50s -30 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 1. Expressed as women's internet usage rate minus men's. 9 Source: OECD, based on data from National Internet Development Agency of Korea, 2000-2007. Gender differences for selected internet activities in selected OECD countries, 2005 1 percentages of individuals downloading software Differences (right-hand scale) women men 70% 30% 60% 20% 50% 10% 40% 0% 30% -10% 20% 10% -20% 0% -30% Italy Greece Estonia Ireland Poland Austria Norway Iceland Finland Hungary Portugal Sweden Denmark Netherlands Luxembourg Czech Republic Slovak Republic United Kingdom percentages of individuals 1 seeking health information on injury, disease or nutrition 70% 30% 60% 20% 50% 10% 40% 0% 30% -10% 20% 10% -20% 0% -30% Italy Spain Finland Iceland Norway Poland Ireland Austria Greece Denmark Portugal Sweden Belgium Hungary Netherlands Luxembourg Czech Republic Note: Percentage of indivicuals ages 16-74 having used Internet in the last 3 months. DifferencesSlovak as percentageRepublicUnited Kingdom of women minus 10 percentage of men. Source: OECD, based on data from Eurostat, New Cronos database, 2006 Broadband diffusion and time spent on Internet in Norway, 2000-2007 Minutes spent on Internet by person an average day (left-hand scale) % of households with Broadband at home (right-hand scale) (minutes) (% of total households) 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Source: OECD, based on data from Statistics Norway and Eurostat. 11 Education attainment and time spent on Internet in Norway, 2000-2007 (minutes) 90 university/high school long 80 70 university/high 60 school short 50 secondary All school 40 primary school 30 20 10 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Source: OECD, based on data from Statistics Norway. 12 Gender and time spent on Internet in Norway, 2000-2007 (minutes) 80 men 70 60 All 50 women 40 30 20 10 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Source: OECD, based on data from Statistics Norway and Eurostat. 13 Age and time spent on Internet in Norway, 2000-2007 (minutes) 16-24 100 80 25-44 9-15 60 All 40 45-66 20 67-79 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Source: OECD, based on data from Statistics Norway. 14 Versatility of Home Internet use Finland (2006) Canada (2005) 0-2 purposes 3-7 purposes 1-2 purposes 3-7 purposes 8-11 purposes 12+ purposes 8-11 purposes 12+ purposes All Men 15-29 yrs men Women 15-29 yrs women age 18 to 24 Men 30-49 yrs age 25 to 34 Women 30-49 yrs age 35 to 44 age 45 to 54 Men 50-74 yrs age 55 to 64 Women 50-74 yrs age 65 and up High speed 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100 Low speed % 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100 % 15 Source: OECD, based on data from Statistics Finland and statistics Canada. Conclusion : a considerable room for policy to close the ICT gender gap ICT Gender Influence of the social capital on the access level Influence of the level of education and skills on diversity and intensity of Internet use, and on the ICT education & training perceived usefulness of Leaders & role models ICTs (computer) complexity of interactions at stake in the link between ICT related employment Facilitators socio-economic status and (intermediaries / the intensity and variety of usage mediators) for the Digital inclusion Differences in existing pattern of use are ICT access & use magnified by the distorting power of the ICT tools. 16 Thank you Contact: [email protected] 17.