WINE in CHINA its History and Contemporary Developments Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad Grootmeester-Wijnproever van het Nederlands Wijngilde Pieter EIJKHOFF draft; 2000.10.15 II Fig. 1 (Title page): The Chinese character 'jiu' with the general connotation 'wine' on a wooden Japanese sake cup. The left part of the character, three strokes, indicates 'liquid', the right hand part indicates a wine vessel. (from: Von Siebold House, Leyden, The Netherlands) CIP-gegevens Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag. Eijkhoff, P. (Pieter) Wine in China; its history and contemporary developments Nederlands Wijngilde, Utrecht. Met lit.opg. ISBN 90-8050..... Trefw: wijnbouw, China © 2000 P. Eijkhoff, Son, The Netherlands / Nederlands Wijngilde, Utrecht, The Netherlands (verenigingsregister KvK Utrecht: 47 91 79) III Contents Contents................................................................................................................... III In memory of Pieter Eijkhoff (9-4-1929 - 15-11-2000)............................................V Preface ....................................................................................................................VII Notational conventions...........................................................................................IX 1. 'Wine' in Chinese literature and in other parts of Chinese culture .................. 1 1.1 Wine in China ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Wine in literature (poetry) ................................................................................. 2 1.3 Wine in literature (prose) ................................................................................ 12 1.4 Wine vessels .................................................................................................. 17 1.5 Wine in music, opera ...................................................................................... 19 1.6 Wine in medicine ............................................................................................ 22 1.7 Wine in rites; other cultural relations with wine ............................................... 22 2. Alcoholic beverages in China and their developments .................................. 23 2.1 Chinese inventions ......................................................................................... 23 2.2 Different kinds of alcoholic beverages ............................................................ 25 2.3 Inventions and discoveries ............................................................................. 30 2.4 Techniques used ............................................................................................ 30 3. Wine from grapes; its development through history ...................................... 31 3.1 From the beginning......................................................................................... 31 3.2 Indigenous grapes, imported grapes .............................................................. 32 3.3 The role of western missionaries .................................................................... 34 3.4 Early wineries ................................................................................................. 34 3.5 Joint ventures ................................................................................................. 35 4. Regions, climates and soils .............................................................................. 37 4.1 Production of fruit............................................................................................ 37 4.2 Regions, suitable for viticulture....................................................................... 38 5. Wineries, including joint ventures.................................................................... 41 5.1 Yantai Winery [Yantai jiuchang]...................................................................... 45 5.2 Sino-Japanese Friendship Winery Co. ........................................................... 48 5.3 Beijing Winery ................................................................................................ 49 5.4 Dragon Seal Wines Corporation or Beijing Friendship Winery Co., Ltd. ......... 54 5.5 Beijing Pernod-Ricard Winery......................................................................... 62 5.6 Qingdao Huaguan Wines & Spirits Co. .......................................................... 63 5.7 Sino-Foreign Joint-Venture Huadong Winery Co., Ltd. .................................. 68 5.8 Great Wall Wine Company, Ltd. ................................................................... 76 5.9 China Great Wall Wine Company, Ltd. .......................................................... 79 5.10 Sino-French Joint-Venture Dynasty Winery Ltd. (SFJVDW) ....................... 85 5.11 Beijing Eastern Winery ................................................................................. 91 5.12 Tian Ma Wines & Spirits Co. Ltd................................................................... 93 5.13 Summer Palace ............................................................................................ 94 IV 5.14 Zhengzhou Brewery...................................................................................... 95 5.15 Marco Polo Winery ....................................................................................... 96 5.16 Yunmont ....................................................................................................... 97 5.17 Zhenjiang Hengshun Governmental Soysauce-Vinegar Works.................... 98 5.18 Zhongshan Meiyile Food Producers ............................................................. 99 5.19 Tong Hua Winery; China National Cereal and Foodstuff Import and Export Corp.................................................................................................................... 100 5.20 Zhe Jiang Cereals, Oils & Foodstuffs Import & Export Co., Ltd. ................. 103 5.21 Zhengzhou Oriental Wine Industry Development Co.................................. 104 5.22 Shanghai LiHua Wine Co., Ltd.................................................................... 105 5.23 Qingdao Dongni Winery Co. ....................................................................... 106 5.24 Calvin Winery Co., Ltd. ............................................................................... 107 5.25 Chuan Wine General Co............................................................................. 108 5.26 Yuquan Winery ........................................................................................... 109 5.27 Qing Xu Winery........................................................................................... 110 5.28 LingZhou Winery......................................................................................... 111 5.29 Shanshan Winery ....................................................................................... 112 5.30 Heavenly Palace Winery Co. ...................................................................... 114 5.31 China Mingquan Tianyu Wine Co., Ltd. ...................................................... 115 5.32 Lian Yun Gang Winery................................................................................ 117 5.33 Hua Xia....................................................................................................... 118 5.34 Handan Congtai Wine Business Co............................................................ 119 5.35 Danyang Winery ......................................................................................... 122 5.36 Yi Yang ....................................................................................................... 124 5.37 Shaoxing Yellow Wine Group ..................................................................... 125 5.38 Zhejiang Zhizhonghe Wine Industry Co., Ltd.............................................. 126 6. Education and research on vine and wine.................................................. 129 6.1 Universities and other institutions ................................................................ 129 7. Prospects....................................................................................................... 135 7.1 Developments in Chinese society................................................................ 135 7.2 Quality control and brand protection............................................................ 137 7.3 The commercial perspectives inside China ................................................. 137 7.4 China and the international market.............................................................. 140 A Literature references ................................................................................. 157 B Index; names and subjects ....................................................................... 163 C Appendices................................................................................................. 165 C-1 Abbreviations used ...................................................................................... 165 C-2 Measures and weights ................................................................................. 165 C-3 Chinese Dynasties and Historical Periods ................................................... 166 C-4 Transcriptions of Chinese sounds................................................................ 167 C-5 Producers index ........................................................................................