THE IMPLICATION OF CONFLICT OVER FISHING IN LAKE VICTORIA ON UGANDA-KENYA RELATIONSHIP (2003-2018) BY OWINO OLIVIA UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY – AFRICA SUMMER 2019 THE IMPLICATION OF CONFLICT OVER FISHING IN LAKE VICTORIA ON UGANDA-KENYA RELATIONSHIP (2003-2018) BY OWINO OLIVIA (ID 626881) A THESIS SUBMITED TO THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (SHSS) IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OFTHEMASTER’S DEGREE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND DIPLOMACY UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY – AFRICA SUMMER 2019 ii STUDENT DECLARATION I declare that this is my original work and has not been presented to any other college, university or other institution of higher learning other than United States International University Africa Signature: …………………. Date: ……………………… Owino Olivia (626881) This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as the appointed supervisor Signature: …………………. Date: ……………………… Mr. Leonard Maumo Signature: …………………. Date: ……………………… Prof. Martin Njoroge Dean, School of Humanities and Social Sciences Signature: …………………. Date: ……………………… Ambassador. Prof. Ruthie C. Rono Deputy Vice Chancellor Academic and Student Affairs. iii COPYRIGHT This thesis is protected by copyright. Reproduction, reprinting or photocopying in physical or electronic form are prohibited without permission from the author © OWINO OLIVIA, 2019 iv ABSTRACT Asymmetric Conflict Theory was used in support of the claims which argue that an actor’s relative resolve or interest explains success or failure in asymmetric conflict. Mixed methodology was used whereby both qualitative data and quantitative data was used. In terms of data presentation, data was presented in a way that communicates the information and enables conclusions to be drawn. The findings were divided into; the implication of fishing conflict, causes of fishing conflicts; the implications of the conflict over fishing on Uganda–Kenya and the interstate efforts. The study concludes that Ugandan government has taken advantage of the situation hence conflict. The study recommends that further research should be done to examine the current level of fish catchment in Lake Victoria in order to reestablish its sustainability to the fishing communities. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to acknowledge my supervisor Mr. Leonard Maumo for wonderful guidance and patience during the process of writing this thesis. Thank you. I would also like to acknowledge my guardian Mr. Israel Ahimbisibwe, my mother Mrs. Ruth Owino thank you for the much support and patience. I would also like to thank the individuals and agencies for availing the data I so much needed to complete this project within the time allocated to me. I must thank my classmates for supportive role and soft encouragement throughout the assignment. Finally, but most importantly, I sincerely thank the Almighty God for giving me the strength and providing means to undertake this study. To each of the above, I extend my deepest appreciation. vi DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this thesis to God Almighty, my Mother, Ruth Owino, my guardian, Mr. Israel Ahimbisibwe, my late Father Augustine Owino family and friends for their excellent support during my studies and writing of this thesis. Thank you. vii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ACJHR The African Court of Justice and Human Rights AU African Union BMC Beach Management Control BMU Beach Management Unit DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EAC East African Community EACJ East African Court of Justice EACSO East African Common Services Organization GOK Government of Kenya GOU Government of Uganda ICJ International Court of Justice LVBC Lake Victoria Basin Commission LVDP Lake Victoria Development Program LVEMP Lake Victoria Environmental Management Program LVFO Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization MCS Monitoring Control and Surveillance NBI Nile Basin Initiative NEAP National Environment Action Plan NGO Non-Governmental Organization NRM National Resistance Movement PES Payment for Ecosystem Services OAU Organization of African Unity SADC Southern African Development Community UNLF Ugandan National Liberation Front viii TABLE OF CONTENTS STUDENT DECLARATION ....................................................................................... iii COPYRIGHT ............................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... v DEDICATION ............................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................ 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the study ............................................................................................ 1 1.2 Problem Statement ..................................................................................................... 6 1.3 General Objective ...................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Research questions .................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Justification of the Study............................................................................................ 7 1.6 Scope of the study...................................................................................................... 8 1.7 Definition of Terms ................................................................................................... 9 1.8 Chapter Summary ...................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER TWO ......................................................................................................... 10 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................... 10 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 10 2.2 The link between Cross Border Resources and Conflict ........................................... 11 2.3 Causes of Conflicts overfishing ............................................................................... 16 2.4 The Migingo Row .................................................................................................... 25 2.5 Interstate efforts to resolve Conflict ......................................................................... 28 ix 2.6 Theoretical perspectives of natural resource conflicts ............................................... 29 2.7 Chapter Summary .................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER THREE ..................................................................................................... 34 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................................................... 34 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 34 3.2 Research strategy and design ................................................................................... 34 3.3 Research methods .................................................................................................... 34 3.4 The study population ............................................................................................... 35 3.5 Sampling ................................................................................................................. 36 3.6 Sample size .............................................................................................................. 36 3.7. Secondary data collection ....................................................................................... 36 3.8 Validity ................................................................................................................... 37 3.9 Reliability ................................................................................................................ 38 3.10 Data presentation and analysis ............................................................................... 39 3.11 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................ 40 3.12 Data analysis techniques ........................................................................................ 40 3.14 Limitations of the Study ......................................................................................... 41 3.15 Chapter Summary .................................................................................................. 42 CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................... 43 4.0 FINDINGS ............................................................................................................. 43 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 43 x 4.2 Respondents’ socio-economic and Bio data; ............................................................ 43 4.3 Professional Experience in the Fishing Sector .......................................................... 46 4.5 Migingo’s Economic Relevance..............................................................................