SEWAGE SLUDGE 2/1/02 17:27 Pagina 3 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K European Commission 14 KH-17-01-003-EN-N Disposal and recycling routes for sewage sludge Part 3 – Scientific and technical report OFFICE FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES L-2985 Luxembourg ISBN 92-894-1800-1 See our publications catalogue at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/pubs/home.htm Compuesta A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2001 ISBN 92-894-1800-1 © European Communities, 2001 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. (QYLURQPHQW 'LVSRVDODQG5HF\FOLQJ5RXWHV IRU6HZDJH6OXGJH Scientific and technical sub-component report 23 October, 2001 European Commission DG Environment – B/2 7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV /,672)7$%/(6 /,672)),*85(6 (;(&87,9(6800$5< 2%-(&7,9(62)7+(6&,(17,),&$1'7(&+1,&$/3$57 :+$7,66/8'*(" :KDWLVVOXGJH" 6OXGJHW\SHV 3.2.1 Pre-treatment 20 3.2.2 Primary sludge 20 3.2.3 Secondary sludge 20 3.2.4 Mixed sludge 21 3.2.5 Tertiary sludge 21 3.2.6 Digested sludge 21 ,QIOXHQFHRIWKHZDWHUWUHDWPHQWRQWKHFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHVOXGJH &RPSRVLWLRQ 3.4.1 Organic matter 23 3.4.2 Nitrogen and phosphorus content 24 3.4.3 Calcium enrichment 26 3.4.4 Other compounds of agricultural value 26 3.4.5 Heavy metals 26 3.4.6 Organic pollutants 27 3.4.7 Pathogens 28 ,QGXVWULDOVOXGJH 3.5.1 Pulp and paper industry 28 3.5.2 Tannery Sludge 29 6/8'*(75($70(17352&(66(6 &RQGLWLRQLQJ 7KLFNHQLQJ 'HZDWHULQJ 'U\LQJ 6WDELOLVDWLRQDQGGLVLQIHFWLRQ 5(&<&/,1*$1'',6326$/5287(6)256(:$*(6/8'*( /DQGVSUHDGLQJ 5.1.1 Technical description 47 5.1.2 Impacts and benefits 48 ,QFLQHUDWLRQ 5.2.1 Technical description 49 5.2.2 Impacts and benefits 51 /DQGILOOLQJ 5.3.1 Technical description 54 5.3.2 Impacts and benefits 55 2WKHUURXWHV 5.4.1 Use in forestry and silviculture 57 5.4.2 Land reclamation and revegetation 60 'HYHORSLQJWHFKQRORJLHV 5.5.1 Wet oxidation 61 5.5.2 Pyrolysis 63 5.5.3 Gasification 65 /LWHUDWXUHUHYLHZ 5.6.1 LCA for the ARA Region Bern, Switzerland 66 5.6.2 LCA for the City of Bremen, Germany 66 5.6.3 LCA for the French Water Agencies, France 67 75$16)(5352&(66(6 +HDY\PHWDOV 6.1.1 Behaviour in soil 71 6.1.2 Transfer to water 76 6.1.3 Uptake by plants 77 6.1.4 Uptake by livestock 82 6.1.5 Human exposure 84 6.1.6 Conclusion on heavy metals transfers in food chain 86 2UJDQLFSROOXWDQWV 6.2.1 Behaviour in soil 88 6.2.2 Transfer to water 92 6.2.3 Uptake by plants 93 6.2.4 Uptake by livestock 93 6.2.5 Conclusion and human exposure 94 3DWKRJHQV 6.3.1 Origin in sludge 95 6.3.2 Behaviour in soil 96 6.3.3 Water contamination 98 6.3.4 Survival on plants 98 6.3.5 Pathogens transfers to animals and to natural ecosystems 99 6.3.6 Human exposure 99 6.3.7 Conclusion 100 6SHFLILFHPLVVLRQVIURPLQFLQHUDWLRQDQGODQGILOOLQJ 6.4.1 Halogens and derived acids 102 6.4.2 SO2 102 6.4.3 NOx 103 6.4.4 Particulate matter 103 6.4.5 Other Gases 104 02'(//,1*2)32//87$1775$16)(56 2EMHFWLYHVRIWKHPRGHO 0RGHOSUHVHQWDWLRQ 7.2.1 Assumptions made 108 7.2.2 Equations used 110 5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ 7.3.1 Results 113 7.3.2 Influence of sludge composition and transfer phenomena 119 7.3.3 Limits and evolution of the model 121 7.3.4 Sensitivity analysis 121 *$36,1.12:/('*($1'*22'35$&7,&(6 *DSVLQNQRZOHGJH *RRGSUDFWLFHV */266$5< $33(1',; /,672)7$%/(6 7DEOH LPSDFWRIWUHDWPHQWVRQWKHVHZDJHVOXGJHFRPSRVLWLRQDQGSURSHUWLHV 7DEOH FRQWHQWRIRUJDQLFPDWWHULQVOXGJHDIWHUGLIIHUHQWWUHDWPHQWVDQGLQRWKHUXUEDQZDVWH DQGDQLPDOPDQXUH 7DEOH FRQWHQWRIQLWURJHQDQGSKRVSKRUXVLQVOXGJHDIWHUGLIIHUHQWWUHDWPHQWVDQGLQRWKHU XUEDQZDVWHDQGDQLPDOPDQXUH 7DEOH 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RUJDQLFSROOXWDQWVGHJUDGDWLRQLQVRLODVUHJDUGWRWKHLUKDOIOLIH )LJXUH HYROXWLRQ RI WKH OHYHO RI PHWDO LQ VRLO RYHU WLPH DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH PRGHO ORZ DFFXPXODWLRQVFHQDULRLQWKHFDVHRIZKHDWDQGFDGPLXP )LJXUH LQIOXHQFHRIVOXGJHFRPSRVLWLRQDQGWKHSKHQRPHQDWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWRQWKHQXPEHU RI\HDUVEHIRUHUHDFKLQJDJLYHQUHJXODWRU\OLPLWYDOXHIRUPHWDOVLQVRLO ([HFXWLYHVXPPDU\ 2EMHFWLYHRIWKHUHSRUW This report aims to describe sewage sludge production, composition, treatment and disposal or recycling, as well as to review scientific evidence regarding the migration and accumulation of substances and elements contained in sludge into the environment and the food chain, and to identify the associated risks. It focuses in particular on the recycling routes. 6OXGJHFRPSRVLWLRQDQGWUHDWPHQW Sludge is composed of by-products collected at different stages of the wastewater treatment process. It contains