Lead Scientists : Béatrice Béchet – Ifsttar, l'IRSTV CNRS (FR2488) Yves Le Bissonnais, Inra, LISAH Anne Ruas, Ifsttar, COSYS – LISIS Publication Director: Bertrand Schmitt - Inra, Delegation for Collective Scientific Expertise, Foresight and Advanced Studies (DEPE) Contacts: Béatrice Béchet : [email protected] Yves Le Bissonnais : [email protected] Anne Ruas: [email protected] Bertrand Schmitt : [email protected] To cite this document: Béatrice Béchet, Yves Le Bissonnais, Anne Ruas (pilotes), Anne Aguilera, Hervé Andrieu, Eric Barbe, Philippe Billet, Jean Cavailhès, Marianne Cohen, Sophie Cornu, Laetitia Dablanc, Cécile Delolme, Ghislain Géniaux, Mickaël Hedde, Catherine Mering, Marjorie Musy, Mario Polèse, Christiane Weber, Antoine Frémont, Sophie Le Perchec, Bertrand Schmitt, Isabelle Savini, Maylis Desrousseaux, 2017. Artificialized land and land take; drivers, impacts and potential responses. Synthesis of the collective scientific expert report, Ifsttar-Inra (France), 121 p. This document summarizes the collective scientific assessment report jointly requested by the Ministry in charge of the Environment (General Commissariat for Sustainable Development, CGDD, Ministry of Ecological and Inclusive Transition, MTES), ADEME (Environment and Energy Management Agency) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food (Directorate General of Economic and Environmental Performance of Enterprises, DGPE), Conventions No. 15-MBGD-GESSOL-1cvs001, No. 14- 60-C0067, No. 154-14-13. The contents of the full report and this abridged version are the sole responsibility of the authors. The overall report, source of this version, was created by the scientific experts without condition of preliminary approval by the sponsors, Ifsttar or INRA. The abridged version was validated by the authors of the report. These documents are available on the official website of INRA (www.inra.fr) Cover photo: Peri-urban area of the agglomeration of Chalon-sur-Saône – Credit : Christian Slagmulder - Inra Délégation à l’Expertise, à la Prospective et aux Etudes (DEPE) Artificialized land and land take; drivers, impacts and potential responses Synthesis of the collective scientific expert report Authors: Béatrice Béchet, Yves Le Bissonnais, Anne Ruas, Maylis Desrousseaux, Antoine Frémont, Isabelle Savini, Bertrand Schmitt Coordinating experts: Anne Aguilera, Hervé Andrieu, Eric Barbe, Philippe Billet, Jean Cavailhès, Marianne Cohen, Sophie Cornu, Laetitia Dablanc, Cécile Delolme, Ghislain Géniaux, Mickaël Hedde, Catherine Mering, Marjorie Musy, Mario Polèse, Christiane Weber December 2017 ESCo Ifsttar-Inra « Sols artificialisés et processus d’artificialisation des sols » Décembre 2017 List of acronyms ALUR: Law on Access to Housing and Renovated Town Planning CLA: Atmospheric boundary layer CLC: Corine Land Cover CLU: Urban boundary layer ETM: Metalloid and trace elements GIZC: Integrated coastal zone management HAP: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons JRC: Joint research centre ICU: Urban heat island INAO: Institut national de l’origine et de la qualité (National Institute of Origin and Quality) MAJIC: Update of cadastral information MES: Suspended matter (solids) MOS: Land use PEAN: Protective perimeters around peri-urban, agricultural and natural spaces PLU/PLUI: Local urban plan / Intermunicipal urban plan) RPF: French soil classification system RUTP: Urban wet weather discharges SAFER: Land Development and Rural Settlement Society SAU: Agricultural area SCOT: Territorial coherence scheme SDRIF: Master plan of the Île de France region SGEU: Urban water management system SRU: Urban Solidarity and Renewal Law SUITMA: Soils of urban industrial traffic and military areas THR: Very high spatial resolution UGB: Urban growth boundary IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature ZAU: Zoning in urban areas 2 ESCo Ifsttar-Inra « Sols artificialisés et processus d’artificialisation des sols » Décembre 2017 Table of Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction: ‘land take’, an ambiguous scientific concept ......................................................................................................... 7 1. Methods of measuring the extent of land take in France ............................................................................................... 13 1.1. Objectives and methods for measuring land use and land-use changes .......................................................................... 13 1.1.1. Objects of the measure .............................................................................................................................................................. 13 1.1.2. Methods and data for measuring land-use change and land take ............................................................................................ 14 1.2. Measurements and trends of land take in France ............................................................................................................. 17 1.2.1. The different approaches to measuring land take in France ..................................................................................................... 17 1.2.2. Differing estimates of the extent of land take ............................................................................................................................ 19 1.2.3. General land take trends are very consistent nonetheless ....................................................................................................... 20 1.2.4. European and French trends ..................................................................................................................................................... 23 1.3. Conclusions and policy tools ............................................................................................................................................. 24 2. The impacts of land take on the characteristics and properties of soils ...................................................................... 25 2.1. Impacts of artificialization on the physical, physicochemical and chemical characteristics of soils................................... 25 2.1.1. Characteristics and classification of artificialized soils .............................................................................................................. 26 2.1.2. Characteristics and properties of artificial soils ......................................................................................................................... 27 2.1.3. Summary of the physico-chemical characteristics of artificial soils ........................................................................................... 32 2.2. Impacts of land take on soil organisms and biodiversity ................................................................................................... 32 2.2.1. Effects on different groups of organisms ................................................................................................................................. 333 2.2.2. Summary of the effects of artificialization on soil biodiversity ................................................................................................... 34 2.3. Conclusion: strategies to limit the impacts of artificialization on soil properties, and the reversibility of uses ................... 36 2. 4. Limitations of available studies and identification of research needs ............................................................................... 37 3. The impacts of land take on the characteristics and functioning of artificialized environments ............................... 39 3.1. Impacts of artificialization on landscapes, habitats and plant and animal species ............................................................ 39 3.1.1. Methodology for analysing the impact of land take on habitats and biodiversity ...................................................................... 39 3.1.2. Effects of land take on habitats, and their fragmentation .......................................................................................................... 40 3.1.3. Effect of land take on plant species and communities .............................................................................................................. 40 3.1.4. Effect of land take on on animal species and groups of species ............................................................................................... 42 3.1.5. Specific effects of road and rail infrastructure and mining areas ............................................................................................... 43 3.1.6. Conclusion, and strategies to minimise these impacts .............................................................................................................. 43 3.1.7. Limitations of available studies and identification of research needs ........................................................................................ 44 3.2. Impact of land take on urban hydrology and stormwater management ............................................................................ 45 3.2.1. Impacts of land take on hydrology ............................................................................................................................................. 45 3.2.2. Alternative stormwater management systems ..........................................................................................................................