Puaxant Tuvip: Utah Indians Comment on the Intermountain Power Project, Utah Section Intermountain-Adelanto Bipole I Transmission Line Ethnographic (Native American) Resources Item Type Report Authors Stoffle, Richard W.; Dobyns, Henry F. Publisher University of Wisconsin- Parkside Download date 25/09/2021 09:44:26 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/270959 UTAH INDIANS COMMENT ON THE INTERMOUNTAIN POWER PROJECT, UTAH SECTION OF INTERMOUNTAIN-ADELANTO BI POLE I PROPOSAL University of Wisconsin Parkside GREAT SALT LAKE DESERT Q J 2 O zO > a¢ 1n n IPP POWER PLANT /S E V I x E R o Delta c o z m E R T Fillmore z Q w o J iMilford z z % lu2 a 2 : Q / .Beaver 3 / % 2 Q / z / MOUNTAINS /j B / i Lund / E S C A LA NT E Modena D E S E R T INTERMOUNTAIN POWER PROJECT UTAH SECTION INTERMOUNTAIN ADELANTO EIPOLE 1 5 0 5 10 15 20 H H H K O L O B Scale 1:250.000 ,Pv au°- <J T E R R A C E Santa Clara St George Kanab PUAXANT TUVIP: UTAH INDIANS COMMENT ON THE INTERMOUNTAIN POWER PROJECT, UTAH SECTION INTERMOUNTAIN - ADELANTO BIPOLE I TRANSMISSION LINE ETHNOGRAPHIC (NATIVE AMERICAN) RESOURCES Report Submitted by APPLIED URBAN FIELD SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - PARKSIDE to APPLIED CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY, INCORPORATED Contributing Scholars: Submitting Officer and Editors: Alec D. Avery, BA Richard W. Stoffle, PhD Steven D. Boyd, BS Director, Applied Urban Field Dan Bulletts, NAC School Pamela A. Bunte, PhD Michael J. Evans, MA Henry F. Dobyns, PhD Robert Franklin, MA Director, Native American David B. Halmo, BA Historical Demography Project Florence V. Jensen, BA Newberry Library Kristine L. Jones, MA Andrew C. Sanders, BS Omer C. Stewart, PhD University of Wisconsin- Parkside Kenosha, Wisconsin August 13, 1982 PUAXANT TWIP "Sacred Land" A PAIUTE RELIGIOUS LEADER AND ELDER COMMENTS ON IPP PROPOSAL In our Indian way I could say it...nengwir-evwipexaip mare. Axani, axani, axani, nengwtrxupi ura'navache uamukiyakapi ura'pexaivyach, the sacred places you know. Axan uru'as aik, mara'rt nengwe- revwipur ava ur mara'r.. Mare sewaxanteapa urempur kunur avikuvani aik. Ich ma nengwerovwipur sewavexianar. Arukwaxaip nengwerevwip aik. Maya nengwenchingwung kanìxaipexantem. Iche manoni iche apa nungwerevwip. Ure upa nengwwnchincwe unipengur. Nengwexup ura'navach urns... (translation by line) In our Indian way I could say it...that former Paiute country. How, how, how, there must be Paiute graves there use tobe places where they round - danced the sacred places you know. There, I said, how it is, that is Paiute land there. I think the electricity will lie on sacred things. This Paiute country is sacred. So is that part of the Paiute country that was under theground. The Paiutes used to have camps there. All that is Paiute Country Paiutes used to live out their lives there. There must be Indian graves... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A project of this scope is the product of dozens of hands and hundreds of minds. Special thanks go to the many Indian people who accepted the challenge of reaching across time and miles to help protect Native American cultural resources potentially impacted by the IPP power transmission line. The names of these people will not bementioned in order to protect their privacy. The project was immeasurably facilitated because of the able assistance of the Official Tribal Contact Representatives, the OTCRs. Although this was anew experience for each of them, they attendedtrainingsessions,arranged forpublic meetings on their reservations, communicated with tribal chairmen when appropriate, helped arrange for in -depth interviews, and have reviewed this manuscript for their councils. In alphabetical order, the OTCRs are: Ivan Benn The Paiute Tribe of Utah Earl Baker Confederated Tribes of the Goshute Reservation Vivienne -Caron Jake The Kaibab Paiute Tribe iii Additional thanks go to the staffs at the Newberry Library in Chicago and the Wyllie Library at UWP for their many hours of help. Typing was provided by MarcyCayo and Shirley Mandernack through the Office of Assistant Chancellor for Educational Services atUWP. The cover layout was by Gale Grimmenga and Robert B. Ludwig, Graphic Designers, while photographs were provided by Evelyn Hui in Media Services at UWP. Covergraphicswere provided by Vivienne -Caron Jake, formerchairpersonof theKaibabPaiuteTribe and current chairperson of the Kaibab Community Development Committee. Finally, we would like to thank the staff of ACT for their extensive technical, professional, and personal support during this research: Gary Dudley, Vice President of ACT and overall Project Manager; Sally Higman, Project Manager; Ed Weil, Cultural Resources Project Manager; Mike Macko, Cultural Resources Specialist; Cory Christensen, Graphic Technician. They performed the difficult task of guiding individual research projects such as this one while coordinating it with others beingconductedatthesame time. Informationfrom other research projects shared with this study team during our research greatly increased the quality of this report. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Frontispiece Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents v Tables xiii Photographs xv Maps xvii CHAPTER I. MANAGEMENT SUMMARY 1 The Intermountain Power Project 1 The Southern California System i Ethnographic - Ethnohistorical Analysis of Native American Values 2 Traditional Territory 2 Research Findings r 4 Sacred and Religious Values 4 Traditional Use Values 5 Specific Sites and Areas 5 Brief Chronology of Ethnohistory Pertinent to Native American Cultural Heritage in West Central Utah 7 CHAPTER II. INTRODUCTION TO STUDY 10 Natural Setting 10 Topography 10 Native American Peoples Potentially Affected by Bipole I 14 Goshutes 14 Pahvant Utes 16 Eastern Division Southern Paiutes 19 Ethnographic Situation Summary 21 v Study Team and Structure 23 Ethnographic - Ethnohistorical Analysis 24 Field Studies 28 CHAPTER III. RESEARCH DESIGN, ASSUMPTIONS & ACTIVITY 31 Theory 31 The Legal Framework of the IPP-Utah Proposal 34 Native American Impact AssessmentIssues 35 Federal Regulations 35 Control of Information 36 Consultant Anonymity 37 Site & Area Confidentiality 37 Potentially Affected croups 37 Indian Groups Potentially Affected by IPP -Utah 38 Goshute 39 Pahvant Utes 40 Southern Paiutes 40 Sacred Sites and Resources 42 Ethnographic Resources Potentially Impacted by IPP -Utah 43 Native American Representatives 46 Evidence Validity 47 Ethnohistory 48 Research Tasks 50 Project Initiation 50 Establishment of Native American Communication Network 50 Literature Search, Annotation, and Assessment 51 vi In -Field Ethnographic Interviewing 52 Spring Ethnobotany On -site Visit 53 Chronology of Field Work 54 Overview 54 March Field Work 55 April -May Field Work 56 CHAPTER IV. ETHNOHISTORICAL ETHNOGRAPHY OF GOSHUTES, PAHVANTS AND SOUTHERN PAIUTES 58 The Precontact Fishing Economy 58 The Precontact Hunting Economy 59 The Precontact Collecting Economy 62 The Horticultural Economy 64 Maize Horticulture 64 The Great Salt Lake Colorado River Social Structure Continuum 74 Goshute 74 Pahvant 76 Tribal Divisions 77 Ankateko Band 78 Nantekokebit Band 78 Intermarriages 78 Southern Paiute 79 Eastern Division 80 Paranayi Division 80 Spanish Colonial Period 81 Demographic Change 82 Old World Cultivars 83 vii Wheat 83 Potato 85 Watermelon 85 Summary 86 Impacts of Mounted Raiders 86 Military- Economic Prowess 87 Mobility and Food Gathering 87 Social Structure 87 Energy Losses to Raiders 88 Slave Raiding 89 The Mexican Program: 1821 -1846 90 Trading- Trapping 91 Interprovincial Caravans 92 Slave Trade and Raids 93 Ute Domination 94 The Autonomous Mormon Program: 1847 -1849 97 United States Programs: 1849 -1982 98 National Wagon Roads 98 Disease Transmission 101 Colonizing the "Mormon Corridor" 1850 1857 102 Fillmore on Chalk Creek 104 Mormon Colonies among SouthernPaiutes 104 Economic Transition: Gathering Camps to Labor Camps 108 Demographic Collapse 110 Expansion of Mormon Colonies: 1858 - 1872 114 Occupation of Riverine Oases 114 Southern Paiute Food Collecting 119 Disease Environment 128 Mechanized Transportation Corridor 130 Large Scale Irrigation Agriculture 151 Ineffectual Land Base Defense 155 Final Depopulation & Amalgamation 157 Termination of Federal Services 158 Re- recognition of Utah "Paiutes" 159 Regional Socio- Economic Characteristics 160 V. NATIVE AMERICAN VALUES 163 Key Response Factors 163 Historical Factors 163 Contemporary Factors 166 Indian Responses to the IPP Proposals 167 General Concerns Expressed 167 Specific Concerns Expressed by Tribe 168 The Paiute Tribe of Utah 169 Background 169 Koosharem 170 Kanosh 170 Indian Peaks 170 Cedar City 171 Shivits 171 Methodology 172 Expressed Concerns for Places 173 Sevier Desert Area 174 Milford Area 174 Lund Area 174 Hilly Border Area 177 ix General Concerns for Cultural Resources 186 Expressed Concerns for Plants 186 Expressed Concerns for Animals 190 Expressed Concerns for Animals 190 Expressed Concerns Over Power Lines 190 Proposal to Build More HVTLs 190 Seeing Large Power Lines 190 Mitigation Recommendations 192 Mitigation in General 192 Mitigation of Plants and Animals 192 Mitigation of Burials 19.2 Mitigation of Artifacts 193 Listening to Indian Opinions 193 The Kaibab Paiute Tribe of Arizona 194 Background 194 Methodology 195 Expressed Concerns for Places 195 General Concerns for Cultural Resources 195 Concerns for Plants and Animals 196 Proposal to Build More HVTLs 196 Seeing Power Lines and Towers 196 Mitigation Recommendations 199 Mitigation of Indian Tools and Habitation Sites 199 Mitigation of Indian Burial Sites 200