Divine Emperors and Italy: Emperor Worship in the Italian Peninsula (Excluding Rome) Alex Andrew Antoniou BA (Hons), LLB (Hons) The University of Adelaide Department of Classics, Archaeology and Ancient History School of Humanities, Faculty of Arts Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy (Research) May 2018 CONTENTS CONTENTS Contents i Abstract ii Thesis Declaration iii Acknowledgements iv Notes v Abbreviations v Epigraphic Abbreviations vi List of Maps and Plates xii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Approaches and Methodology 16 Chapter 3: The Evidence for Emperor Worship in Italy 40 Chapter 4: Municipal Institutions of Emperor Worship 68 Chapter 5: Collegial Institutions Incorporating Emperor Worship 102 Conclusions 117 Plates 119 Appendix 1: Catalogue of Evidence for Emperor Worship in Italy 125 Appendix 2: Catalogue of ‘Augustan’ Virtues and Deities 202 Epigraphic Concordance 213 Bibliography 233 i ALEX A. ANTONIOU ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the evidence for worship of the Roman emperors (living and deified), their divine predecessors and the living or deified household of the emperors, in the Italian peninsula, excluding the city of Rome itself. A wide range of evidence is covered – literary, archaeological, epigraphic, numismatic and artistic – across a wide chronological timeframe – from the later years of the first-century BCE, into the fourth-century CE. Such a wide scope is considered in order to build as accurate a picture of emperor worship in Italy as is possible, given the limitations of the evidence, and in order to appreciate some of the continuities or disparities of that evidence. Evidence of worship that is regarded as municipal (worship that was intended for the benefit of an entire Italian city) and collegial (where members of a circumscribed group came together in worship) will be considered. This study focuses on reasserting the religious identity of Italians under the principate through analysis of their engagement with emperor worship. While the institutions of emperor worship have often been viewed in an imperialist light, this thesis offers a new perspective by highlighting how Italians used the institutions of emperor worship to form and negotiate their identity under the emperors and the principate. The institutions of emperor worship can be viewed as potent religious gifts. These religious gifts were exchanged with the emperors and their households on the ‘real’ level – directly to the emperors themselves – and also on the ‘divine’ level – to the emperors and their households as important new gods within the Graeco-Roman pantheon. Thus, it will be demonstrated that emperor worship was used as a powerful tool, on both the municipal and collegial levels, in the formation and negotiation of the identity of Italians under the principate. ii ALEX A. ANTONIOU ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude to Drs. Margaret O’Hea and Jacqueline Clarke, my research supervisors, for their patience, guidance and encouragement throughout my candidature. Your comments and support will be remembered, thank you. I would also like to thank Professor Han Baltussen for his enduring support and mentoring throughout my time at the University of Adelaide, and especially during my M.Phil candidature. Thank you for going above and beyond the call of duty at all times. I must also thank Dr Nick Galatis for his generosity in sponsoring my Galatis Travel Scholarship to Greece and Italy. This generous scholarship allowed me to conduct research for this thesis at the Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens, the British School at Rome, and the British School at Athens. I must also thank the staff, residents and librarians of those institutes for their help, support and encouragement. Parts of this research were presented at Departmental Seminars at the University of Adelaide, and at the Australasian Society for Classical Studies 2017 Conference in Wellington, New Zealand. I would like to thank all of the participants of those events for their invaluable feedback, and particularly Dr. Gwynaeth McIntyre, for her assistance and kind words. Parts of this thesis were also greatly improved by comments given by an anonymous reviewer. I also owe enduring thanks to the entire Inter-Library Loans Team at the Barr Smith Library. Without your help this thesis would never have been written. I owe everlasting thanks to my mother, Judith Antoniou, and Pat, Kent and Sarah Patrick for their love, kind assistance and support throughout. I must also thank Emily Chambers for her support and for sharing a good laugh while we struggled through ancient languages. Finally, I want and need to thank Alex Patrick, for everything. iv NOTES NOTES 1. Transcription of epigraphic texts follows standard conventions.1 2. Most inscriptions were sourced through the EDCS Database (Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss-Slaby: http://www.manfredclauss.de/gb/index.html), although the content of inscriptions was checked by reference to original cataloguing and was corrected where necessary. 3. References follow the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition. In the body of the text and in the appendices, short titles have been used with full citations in the bibliography. 4. When referencing sites in Italy, the first mention of a site in a paragraph contains, in parentheses, the number of the Augustan region where the site is located. For example, Ostia (It. 1) = Ostia in Augustan Regio I. ABBREVIATIONS The names of ancient authors and works are abbreviated according to the standard practice used in Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth and Esther Eidinow (editors). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. AA = Archäologischer Anzeiger. AJA = American Journal of Archaeology. AJPh = The American Journal of Philology. ANRW = Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt. Arctos = Arctos: Acta Philologica Fennica. BAR = British Archaeological Reports. BM Coins, Rom. Emp.= British Museum Catalogue of Coins of the Roman Empire, 1923–. CAH = The Cambridge Ancient History CJ = The Classical Journal. CPh = Classical Philology. CQ = The Classical Quarterly. CR = Classical Review. CronErcol = Cronache Ercolanesi. Hesperia = Hesperia. The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 1 See Cooley, Manual of Latin Epigraphy, 350-55. v ALEX A. ANTONIOU Historia = Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. HThR = The Harvard Theological Review. JHS = Journal of Hellenic Studies. JRA = Journal of Roman Archaeology. JRS = Journal of Roman Studies. MAAR = Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. MEFRA = Mélanges de l’Ecole Française de Rome – Antiquité. PBSR = Papers of the British School at Rome. PhQ = Philological Quarterly. PP = Le Parola del Passato. RendLinc = Atti dell’Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei: Rendiconti. RE = Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft. RIC = Mattingly, Harold, Edward A. Sydenham and C.H.V. Sutherland. The Roman Imperial Coinage. London. 1923–. TAPhA = Transactions of the American Philological Association. ZPE = Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. EPIGRAPHIC ABBREVIATIONS AcquiTermeDiocleziano = Zanda, E. Museo Archeologico di Acqui Terme. La Città, Alessandria, 2002. AE = L’Année Épigraphique. Paris 1888–. Aesernia = Buonocore, Marco. Molise: Repertorio delle Iscrizioni Latine. Le Iscrizioni Aesernia. Campobasso: Palladino, 2003. AlbaPomp = Mennella, G. and S. Barbieri. “La Documentazione Epigrafica della Città e Del Territorio.” In Archeologia della Città Dalla Fondazione alla Tarda Antichità, edited by F. Filippi, 569-609. Alba, 1997. AnalEpi = Solin, Heikki. Analecta Epigraphica, 1970-1997. Roma: Institutum Romanum Finlandie, 1998. Arctos = Arctos. Acta Philologica Fennica. BCAR = Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale in Roma, 1872–. Bergemann = Bergemann, Johannes. Römische Reiterstatuen: Ehrendenkmäler im Öffentlichen Bereich. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1990. BonaDea = Brouwer, Hendrik H. Bona Dea. The Sources and a Description of the Cult. Leiden: Brill, 1989. vi EPIGRAPHIC ABBREVIATIONS Bovino = Cassano, Selene Maria. Bovino: Studi per la Storia della Città Antica: La Collezione Museale. Bovino: La Colomba, 1994. Campedelli = Campedelli, Camilla. L’Amministrazione Municipale delle Strade Romane in Italia. Bonn: Rudolf Habelt, 2014. Casinum -02 = Solin, Heikki. “Sulla Storia Costituzionale e Amministrative della Casinum Romana.” In Le Epigrafi della Valle di Comino. Atti del Nono Convegno Epigrafico Cominese. Alvito, Istituto Comprensivo “Mario Equicola” 13 Ottobre 2012, edited by Heikki Solin, 105-17: San Donato Val di Comino, 2013. CCCA = Vermaseren, Maarten Jozef. Corpus Cultus Cybelae Attidisque. Brill: Leiden, 1987-1977. CCID = Hörig, Monika and E. Schwertheim. Corpus Cultus Iovis Dolicheni. Leiden: Brill, 1987. CIG = Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum. Berlin, 1828-1877. CIL = Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Berlin, 1863–. CIMRM = Vermaseren, Maarten Jozef. Corpus Inscriptionum et Monumentorum Religionis Mithriacae. 1956-1960. Chiron = Chiron. Mitteilungen der Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Conze = Conze, Alexander. Königliche Museum zu Berlin. Beschreibung der Antiken Skulpturen mit Ausschluss der Pergamenischen Fundstücke. Berlin: W. Spemann, 1891. CSL = Centro Studi Lunensi. Quaderni. EaNovara = Biancolini, Daniela, Luisella Pejrani Baricco and Giuseppina Spagnolo Garzoli. Epigrafi a Novara: il Lapidario della Canonica di Santa Maria.