Notes Introduction 1. Harold R. Isaacs, Idols of the Tribe: Group Identity and Political Change (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975), 215. 2. This book is chiefly concerned with the attitudes and views of Israeli Jews, rather than Palestinian Israelis. Palestinian Israelis are largely excluded from this book’s analysis since, with few exceptions, they do not participate in the debates over Israeli national identity or Israeli foreign policy this book describes. Arab political parties in the Knesset and Palestinian Israelis in general are still not considered by most Israelis as legitimate participants in the debates over national identity and foreign policy in Israel. As with other public issues in Israel, little attention is paid to the opinions of Palestinian Israelis; and although this is slowly changing with regard to domestic issues; on foreign policy issues, the voices of Palestinian Israelis remain distinctly marginalized. 3. Lee Hockstader, “A Sour Mood Grips Israel As It Prepares to Turn 50,” Washington Post, February 9, 1998. 4. David B. Green and Peter Hirschberg, “The Jubilee Party Goes Bust,” The Jerusalem Report, January 22, 1998. 5. Doug Struck, “Israel Celebrates With Mixed Feelings,” Washington Post, April 30, 1998. 6. This does not mean that the security concerns of many Israelis vis-à-vis the Oslo peace process were not real or deeply felt. 7. Terrell A. Northrup, “The Dynamic of Identity in Personal and Social Conflict,” in Intractable Conflicts and their Transformation, ed. Louis Kriesberg, Terrell A. Northrup, and Stuart J. Thorson (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1989), 55–82. 8. Jay Rothman, Resolving Identity-Based Conflict in Nations, Organizations, and Communities (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1997); Jay Rothman and Marie L. Olson, “From Interests to Identities: Towards a New Emphasis in Interactive Conflict Resolution,” Journal of Peace Research 38, no. 3 (2001): 289–305. 9. Edward Azar, The Management of Protracted Social Conflict: Theory and Cases (Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth, 1990); John Burton, Conflict: Resolution and Prevention (New York: St. Martins, 1990). 10. Northrup, “The Dynamic of Identity in Personal and Social Conflict.” 11. Daniel Bar-Tal, “From Intractable Conflict through Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation: Psychological Analysis,” Political Psychology 21 (2000): 360; Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov, “Dialectics between Stable Peace and Reconciliation,” 200 / notes in From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation, ed. Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 75. 12. This book’s claim that national identities are not easily changed or replaced is thus contrary to a view of identities as always being unstable and fluid, a view associated today with postmodernist theory (see, for example, Madan Sarup, Identity, Culture and the Postmodern World [Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996]; and Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay, eds., Questions of Cultural Identity [London: SAGE Publications, 1996]). The postmodernist depiction of identities as always in flux exaggerates the instability of identities. Identities can be deeply rooted, sedimented in people’s consciousness over time through a host of cultural and social practices. 13. The term “identity politics” is commonly used to characterize the political and cultural activities of social groups based upon different collective identities (e.g., those based on gender, sexual orientation, race, religion, ethnicity, etc.). 14. Craig Calhoun, “The Problem of Identity in Collective Action,” in Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology, ed. Joan Huber (London: SAGE, 1991), 51–75. 15. Craig Calhoun, Critical Social Theory: Culture, History, and the Challenge of Difference (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 217. 16. This definition of a national identity begs a definition of a nation, which can briefly be defined as “a community whose members share feelings of fraternity, substantial distinctiveness, and exclusivity, as well as beliefs in a common ancestry and a continuous genealogy.” Yael Tamir, “The Enigma of Nationalism,” World Politics 47 (April 1995): 425. 17. The existence of large cultural differences is not necessary for this. As Iver Neumann writes: “[W]hat is at issue in delineation is not ‘objective’ cultural differences, but the way symbols are activated to become part of the capital of the identity of a given human collective. Any difference, no matter how minuscule, may be inscribed by political importance and serve to delineate identities.” Iver B. Neumann, “Self and Other in International Relations,” European Journal of International Relations 2, no. 2 (1996): 166. 18. Iver B. Neumann and Jennifer M. Welsh, “The Other in European Self- Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society,” Review of International Studies 17, no. 4 (1991): 327–348. 19. Shibley Telhami and Michael Barnett, “Introduction,” in Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East, ed. Telhami and Barnett (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), 8. 20. Anthony Smith, National Identity (London: Penguin, 1991), 170. 21. Calhoun, Critical Social Theory, 231. 22. These are discussed at length in the voluminous scholarly literature on nation- alism. In particular see the work of Anthony Smith, National Identity; Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983); Walker Connor, Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994); Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso Press, 1991); John Breuilly, Nationalism and the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985); Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, notes / 201 MA: Harvard University Press, 1992); Craig Calhoun, Nationalism (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1997); and Rogers Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). 23. Michael Billig, Banal Nationalism (London: SAGE Publications, 1995). 24. Anthony Smith, “Ethnic Identity and World Order,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 12, no. 2 (1983): 156. 25. Smith, National Identity, 16. 26. Billig, Banal Nationalism, 6. 27. This reminder, however, is so familiar and habitual that it is generally not con- sciously registered. In his book, Billig analyses the myriad, subtle ways by which our sense of national identity is continually reproduced on a daily basis. Billig, Banal Nationalism. 28. For this claim see, James Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity (New York: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1990); Martin Shaw, Global Society and International Relations (Cambridge: Polity, 1994); Ken Booth, “Security and Emancipation,” Review of International Studies 17, no. 4 (1991): 314–315. 29. A process that has been termed “glocalization.” Uri Ram, “The Promised Land of Business Opportunities: Liberal Post-Zionism in the Glocal Age,” in The New Israel: Peacemaking and Liberalization, ed. Yoav Peled and Gershon Shafir (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2000): 217–240. 30. After reviewing data from cross-national public opinion surveys, two scholars found little evidence to support the claim that individuals have shifted their identities away from states toward supranational or subnational entities. Peter Dombrowski and Tom Rice, “Changing Identities and International Relations Theory: A Cautionary Note,” Nationalism & Ethnic Politics 6, no. 4 (2000): 83–105. 31. Uri Ram, “Postnationalist Pasts: The Case of Israel,” Social Science History 22, no. 4 (1998): 534. 32. Yosef Lapid and Friedrich Kratochwil, “Revisiting the ‘National:’ Toward an Identity Agenda in Neorealism?” In The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory, ed. Lapid and Kratochwil (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996), 105. 33. Jan Jindy Pettman, “Nationalism and After,” Review of International Studies 24 (December 1998): 151. 34. This effort was heralded by Yosef Lapid and Friedrich Kratochwil’s edited vol- ume, The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory. Another edited volume by Peter Katzenstein published in the same year also drew scholarly attention to the role of collective identities in foreign policy. Peter Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996). 35. Rodney Bruce Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 8. 36. Hall, National Collective Identity, 20. 37. George H.W. Bush, “In Defense of Saudi Arabia,” speech on August 8, 1990. Quoted in David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992), 3. 202 / notes 38. “The President’s Message: A Different Battle Awaits,” New York Times, September 16, 2001. 39. William Wallace, “Foreign Policy and National Identity in the United Kingdom,” International Affairs 67, no. 1 (1991): 66. 40. Ilya Prizel, National Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 19. 41. William Bloom, Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). 42. Bloom, Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations, 85.