BioInvasions Records (2017) Volume 6, Issue 1: 25–31 Open Access DOI: https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2017.6.1.05 © 2017 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2017 REABIC Rapid Communication A new report of Craspedacusta sowerbii (Lankester, 1880) in southern Chile Karen Fraire-Pacheco1,3, Patricia Arancibia-Avila1,*, Jorge Concha2, Francisca Echeverría2, María Luisa Salazar2, Carolina Figueroa2, Matías Espinoza2, Jonathan Sepúlveda2, Pamela Jara-Zapata1,4, Javiera Jeldres-Urra5 and Emmanuel Vega-Román1,6 1Laboratorio de Microalgas y Ecofisiología, Master Program Enseñanza de las Ciencias Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Campus Fernando May, Avda. Andrés Bello 720, Casilla 447, 3780000, Chillán, Chile 2Ingeniería en Recursos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Campus Fernando May, Avda. Andrés Bello 720, Casilla 447, 3780000, Chillán, Chile 3Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Juárez del estado de Durango, Campus Gómez Palacio, Av. Universidad s/n, Fracc. Filadelfia, 35070, Gómez Palacio, Dgo, México 4Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Concepción, Avenida Vicente Méndez 595, 3780000, Chillán, Chile 5Master Program Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Campus Fernando May, Avda. Andrés Bello 720, Casilla 447, 3780000, Chillán, Chile 6Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción-Concepción, Chile *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Received: 19 May 2016 / Accepted: 5 November 2016 / Published online: 9 December 2016 Handling editor: Ian Duggan Abstract Craspedacusta sowerbii (Lankester, 1880) is a cnidarian thought to originate from the Yangtze River valley in China. However, C. sowerbii is now an invasive species in freshwater systems worldwide. In Chile, C. sowerbii was first recorded in 1942 by Porter and Schmitt in the Marga-Marga Reservoir, in Valparaíso. Since then, there have been few further Chilean records of this species. Here, we report the presence of C. sowerbii medusae in Santa Elena Lake, Bulnes, Región del Bío- Bío, along with limnological parameters. Key words: jellyfish, freshwater medusa, Chilean lakes Introduction Quezada (1969) reported the medusa phase in Laguna Grande de San Pedro, Concepción, and later Craspedacusta sowerbii (Lankester, 1880), (Cnidaria: in Lanalhue Lake (Quezada 1973) (Figure 1). Schmid- Limnomedusae: Olindiidae) is a freshwater species Araya and Zúñiga (1992) recorded the species in thought to have originated from the Yangtze Valley Peñuelas Dam in Región de Valparaíso, while in China (Kramp 1961). Since then, with the Figueroa and De los Ríos (2010) reported it in exception of the Antarctic (Dumont 1994; Souza and Carilafquén Lake in Región de la Araucanía (Figure Ladeira 2011), global occurrence records exist 1). The most recent report was by Caputo-Galarce et (Jankowski et al. 2008) for what is now considered al. (2013) from Illahuapi Lagoon, Región de los to be an invasive species in freshwater systems Ríos (Figure 1). (Gasith et al. 2011; Bekleyen et al. 2011; Figueroa The cnidarian C. sowerbii is found in diverse sub- and De los Ríos 2010; Dumont 1994). tropical and warm-temperate aquatic systems of the Craspedacusta sowerbii was recorded for the first world, with medusa most commonly found in warm, time in Latin America in 1925 (Ringuelet 1950). The stagnant waterbodies such as lakes, dams and ponds first record of C. sowerbii in Chile was reported (Dumont 1994; Jankowski 2001). The lifecycle is well from the Marga-Marga Reservoir, in Valparaíso known, and includes both polyp and medusa phases (Porter and Schmitt 1942) (Figure 1). Subsequently, (DeVries 1992; Lewis et al. 2012; McClary 1959). 25 K. Fraire-Pacheco et al. Figure 1. Map of Chile showing sites and years of sighting for Craspedacusta sowerbii, including this study (Id 7). The medusa prey on zooplankton communities ranging 1969) and 228 km north of Lago Lanalhue where the in size from 0.2–2.0 mm (Dodson and Cooper 1983), medusae were reported in 1973 (Quezada 1973) especially copepods (Jankowski et al. 2005; Smith (Figure 1). The lake is listed as a conservation and and Alexander 2008; Jankowski and Ratte 2000). biodiversity priority by the Biodiversity Regional Medusa are usually incidentally detected, and the Strategy of Bulnes Municipality (CONAMA 2002). scarce monitoring for this species is surprising in The climate is temperate Mediterranean, with annual light of the potential ecological effects on trophic average temperatures ranging from 13.5 °C to 14.0 °C, chains in freshwater systems (Jankowski and Ratte and is warmer in January (28.8 °C monthly average) 2000). The present work expands knowledge of and colder in July (3.7–5.0 °C). Annual average Craspedacusta sowerbii occurrence in Chile to Santa precipitation is 1,025 mm, with July being the wettest Elena Lake, Región del Bío-Bío, and in addition, month, and a dry season occurring from December provides environmental data associated with its through March (CETSUR 2008). The lake watershed occurrence. is influenced by human activities such as agriculture, Material and methods forestry (González-Acuña et al. 2004), and tourism. Emergent aquatic vegetation dominated by Description of study area Juncus spp. L. occupies the lake perimeter. Upland Santa Elena Lake is shallow (Z max: 14 m), with an terrestrial vegetation consists mainly of Salix area of 59 ha and a perimeter of 5,132.92 m, located babylonica L. and Populus spp. L. (González-Acuña et in Bulnes, Región del Bío-Bío, south-central Chile al. 2004). The vegetation of Santa Elena Lake provides (36º47′41.01″S; 72º22′56.97″W). The lake is situated nesting sites for 45 avifauna species (González- 100 km northeast of Laguna Grande de San Pedro Acuña et al. 2004; González et al. 2001), seven of where the medusae were reported in 1969 (Quezada which are migratory (Jaramillo et al. 2005) (Table 1). 26 A new report of Craspedacusta sowerbii in southern Chile Table 1. List of migratory birds at Lake Santa Elena (González-Acuña et al. 2004) with Chilean and Latin American distribution information (Jaramillo et al. 2005). Distribution in Chile Distribution in Latin America Anas flavirostris flavisrostris (Vieillot, 1816) Coquimbo to Beagle Channel Georgia del Sur, Falkland Islands Southern Chile and Argentina including Falkland Anas sibilatrix (Poeppig, 1829) Vallenar toTierra del Fuego Islands Elaenia albiceps (Hellmayr, 1927) Atacama toTierra del Fuego Andes of Bolivia, Brazil, Tierra del Fuego Copiapó River toTierra del Fuego Lessonia rufa (Gmelin, 1789) Chile and Argentina; SE of Brazil in Winter (occasionally in Arica) Southern Chile and Argentina including Tierra del Pygochelidon cyanoleuca (Vieillot, 1817) Atacama to Cabo de Hornos Fuego Atacama toValdivia Pseudocolopteryx citreola (Landbeck, 1864) Migrant (with unknown winter Chile and Argentina distribution) Southern Chile and Argentina including Tierra del Troglodytes aedon (Vieillot, 1819) Atacama toCabo de Hornos Fuego Sampling Results Medusae sampling: Water samples containing Although the density of C. sowerbii was not measured, medusa visible with the naked eye were collected there appeared to be a bloom of medusae on the lake from Santa Elena Lake on 8 April 2014 at the lake’s surface. At the time of sampling, the water tempe- deepest point. Six medusae were captured and stored rature was around 20.1°C throughout the water column in 250 ml hermetic plastic vessels. Taxonomic keys (Table 2; Figure 3), showing that the lake was mixed and additional literature (Slobodkin and Bossert 2009; and, according to Minchin et al. (2016), within the Jankowski 2001) were used to identify C. sowerbii. temperature range associated with the occurrence of Medusae were photographed using a Stereoscope Craspedacusta sowerbii medusae. Secchi disk mea- Olympus SZ6 (Figure 2). surements were 3.31 m (Figure 3), likely indicating Environmental data: Potential environmental the lake was in a clear-water phase, similar to the correlates were assessed at the time the medusae conditions specified by Lampert et al. (1986) when were collected at mid-day. Surface UVA-UVB zooplankton grazing is high in a eutrophic lake. The radiation was measured with UVA-UVB meter ST- water pH profile was 7.5, and the nitrogen and 513. Due to the depletion of the ozone layer in the phosphorus concentrations were below 1.0 mgL-1 and southern hemisphere, UV radiation was measured as 3.3 mgL-1, respectively. Oxygen levels were above an environmental parameter because it can be 7 mgL-1 up to 2 m deep in the water column and harmful to aquatic organisms. These data are provided dropped to < 5 mgL-1 towards the bottom of the lake as a reference for future studies. Water surface (Table 2, Figure 3). UVA-B radiation was 21 mW*cm-2 temperature was measured with an IR LASER at the water surface. Phytoplankton was scarce Thermometer, model CHY-110. Subsequently, water (primarily diatoms and green flagellates) and zoo- samples were taken using a Wildco® water collector plankton was mainly comprised of Daphnia pulex to generate temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen Leydig (1860), Daphnia sp. (O. F. Müller, 1785), (ThermoScientific® Orion3STAR DO portable) and Macrocyclops albidus Jurine (1820), Eucyclops sp. chemical (nitrogen, phosphorous) profiles for the Claus, 1893 and undetermined species of copepod lake. Nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations at nauplii (Table 3). 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 m depths were measured using standard methods for water analyses (APHA 2005). Discussion Phytoplankton and zooplankton sampling for qualitative composition were undertaken using silk Although, C. sowerbii has previously been recorded plankton nets (mesh size 25 µm). Phytoplankton and in the central and southern regions of Chile (Figueroa zooplankton were identified morphologically using and De los Ríos 2010; Caputo-Galarce et al. 2013; published descriptions (phytoplankton: Graham et Quezada 1969; Quezada 1973; Porter and Schmitt al. 2009; zooplankton: Balcer et al. 1984). 1942; Schmid-Araya and Zúñiga 1992) (Figure 1), 27 K. Fraire-Pacheco et al. Figure 2.