A STUDY OF THE ŚARĪRĀRTHAGĀTHĀ IN THE YOGĀCĀRABHŪMI A dissertation presented by Hsu-Feng Lee to The Department of Indian Subcontinental Studies School of Languages and Cultures Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences A thesis submitted in fulfilment of requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Sydney March 2017 Abstract The Śarīrārthagāthā (Tǐyì qiétā 體義伽他;‘dus pa’i don gyi tshigs su bcad pa) is a collection of canonical verses with accompanying commentary in the Yogācārabhūmi (Yúqié shī dì lùn 瑜伽師地論; rnal 'byor spyod pa'i sa), an encyclopedic text of India’s major Mahāyāna philosophical school. To date the Śarīrārthagāthā has not attracted much scholarly research and many interesting aspects have hitherto gone unnoticed that are worthy of further investigation. Some researchers have identified the sources of these verses, and a study by Enomoto (1989) is the most complete. In this dissertation, I have carried out further analyses based on the results found by these researchers. The initial topics are the place of the Śarīrārthagāthā verses in the formation of Buddhist texts (especially, aṅga classification) and the reason why early verses in particular were collected in the Śarīrārthagāthā. The work of Yìnshùn has provided significant information for the investigation of the above issues. He investigated the development and relationship between aṅga and Āgamas from texts during the period of early Buddhism to Mahāyāna. Moreover, the distinctive characteristics of the Śarīrārthagāthā verses have been investigated through a comparison with their parallels in other texts, with the aim of assessing the school affiliation of these texts. Also, three aspects pertaining to the development of the Śarīrārthagāthā have been discussed: (1) the status of the Śarīrārthagāthā in the development of the Yogacārabhūmi, (2) the reason why verse classification (uddāna) is treated differently in the Tibetan i version compared to the Chinese and Sanskrit versions, and (3) why were these particular early Buddhist verses selected for inclusion in the Śarīrārthagāthā and not others. Key words: Śarīrārthagāthā, geya, vyākaraṇa, Mūlasarvāstivāda. ii Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... viii Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ xii Chapter one: Introduction ................................................................. 1 1.1. Three introductory aspects of the Śarīrārthagāthā ......................... 1 1.1.1. The place of the Śarīrārthagāthā in the Yogacārabhūmi .......................... 2 1.1.2. The classification of verses in the Śarīrārthagāthā ................................... 7 1.1.3. The meaning of the title Śarīrārthagāthā ................................................ 15 1.2. Literature review .......................................................................................... 18 1.2.1. Sources of the Śarīrārthagāthā verses..................................................... 21 1.2.2. Relevant information regarding the Śarīrārthagāthā .............................. 18 1.2.3. Materials pertaining to aṅga classification .............................................. 21 1.2.4. Textual formation .................................................................................... 22 1.2.5. Other relevant studies .............................................................................. 24 1.3. Aim and significance of this study ...................................................... 24 1.3.1. Aim ........................................................................................................... 24 1.3.2. Significance .............................................................................................. 26 1.4. Methodology ................................................................................................... 27 1.4.1. Aṅga classification and Śarīrārthagāthā verses ...................................... 28 1.4.2. Sources of the Śarīrārthagāthā verses..................................................... 29 1.4.3. Analysis of the Śarīrārthagāthā verses ................................................... 29 1.4.4. Textual development and stratification ................................................... 30 1.4.5. Principles of selecting verses ................................................................... 30 1.5. Structure of this study ................................................................................. 31 iii 1.6. Sanskrit manuscripts, Chinese and Tibetan translations and exegetical literature ..................................................................................... 33 Chapter two: Aṅga classification and the Śarīrārthagāthā verses ... 39 2.1. Aṅga classification and the Yogācārabhūmi ..................................... 39 2.1.1. Aṅga classification and the formation of early Buddhist texts ................ 39 2.1.2. The first three aṅgas and the Yogācārabhūmi ......................................... 45 2.1.3. The fourth aṅga, gāthā, and the Śarīrārthagāthā verses ......................... 52 2.1.4. Summary .................................................................................................. 56 2.2. The second aṅga, geya, and the Group A verses of the Śarīrārthagāthā ............................................................................................... 57 2.2.1. The development of geya ......................................................................... 57 2.2.2. The source of the Group A verses in the Śarīrārthagāthā ...................... 66 2.2.3. Summary .................................................................................................. 70 2.3. The third aṅga, vyākaraṇa, and the verses of Group B of the Śarīrārthagāthā ............................................................................................... 70 2.3.1. The development of vyākaraṇa ............................................................... 71 2.3.2. The source of Group B verses in the Śarīrārthagāthā ............................ 78 2.3.3. Summary .................................................................................................. 84 2.4. Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 85 Chapter three: The Group A verses ........................................... 87 3.1. The three versions of the Group A verses with corresponding translations, and the narratives of corresponding sūtras and parellels ............................................................................................................. 87 3.1.1. The first set: evil (è 惡, pāpa, sdig pa); 4 pādas / 1 verse ................................................ 88 3.1.2. The second set: what can be expressed (shuō 說, ākhyeya, brjod bya); 16 pādas / 4 verses .............................................................................................................................. 92 iv 3.1.3 The third set: lust (tān 貪, rāga, 'dod chags); 20 pādas / 5 verses .................................... 96 3.1.4. The fourth set: flood (liú 流, ogha, chu bo); 12 pādas / 3 verses .................................... 101 3.1.5. The fifth set: being frightened (bù 怖, utrasta, ‘jigs); 14 pādas / 3 verses ..................... 106 3.1.6. The sixth set: the caste system (lèi 類, abhivarṇṇatā, rigs); 12 pādas / 3 verses ............ 109 3.1.7. The seventh set: obtaining fame (yù 譽, yaśasvin, grags ldan); 8 pādas / 2 verses ........ 113 3.1.8. The eighth set: current (chí 池, sara, mtsho); 12 pādas / 3 verses .................................. 116 3.1.9. The ninth set: (two) floods (liú 流, ogha, chu bo gnyis); 8 pādas / 2 verses ................... 120 3.1.10. The tenth set: (two) floods (liú 流, ogha, chu bo gnyis); 12 pādas / 3 verses ............... 123 3.1.11. The eleventh set: lust and hatred (tān 貪, rāgadveṣa, ‘dod chags zhe sdang); 16 pādas / 4 verses ......................................................................................................................... 128 3.1.12. The twelfth set: what ought to be done (zuò 作, kāryatā, bya ba); 20 pādas / 5 verses 133 3.1.13. The thirteenth set: struggle (qú láo 劬勞, āyūhana, ‘dzin pa); 4 pādas / 1 verses ........ 137 3.1.14. The fourteenth set: attainment of the aim (dé yì得義, arthaprāpti, don thob); 12 pādas / 3 verses ....................................................................................................................... 141 3.2. The analysis of Group A verses ........................................................... 145 3.2.1. The distinctive characteristics of the Chinese Group A verses ............. 146 3.2.2. The features of the Group A verses of the Śarīrārthagāthā .................. 146 3.2.3. Other issues ............................................................................................ 149 3.2.4. Summary ................................................................................................ 153 3.3. Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 153 Chapter Four: The Group B verses ........................................... 154 4.1. The three versions of the Group B verses with their English translations, and comparison of the