Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality Climate Change Response Strategy 2015 Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 3 Description of the city ............................................................................................................................. 7 Introduction to Ekurhuleni ................................................................................................................... 7 Climate ................................................................................................................................................ 9 Topography and Landscape ................................................................................................................. 9 Development goals and priorities of municipality - GDS focus ............................................................ 13 Climate change and Cities .................................................................................................................. 13 Defining climate change ........................................................................................................................ 14 Climate Change ................................................................................................................................. 14 The greenhouse effect: natural and enhanced ................................................................................... 14 Carbon dioxide and the carbon cycle ................................................................................................. 16 Increases in greenhouse gases due to human activities ..................................................................... 17 Climate Modelling ............................................................................................................................. 18 Summary of Observed Climate Trends for South Africa (1960 - 2012) ................................................ 22 Projected climate Futures for South Africa (2015 - 2035, 2040 – 2060 and 2070 - 2090) in the Ekurhuleni Context ............................................................................................................................ 22 Climate Change in the context of the EMM ........................................................................................ 23 Impacts and vulnerabilities .................................................................................................................... 25 Impacts ............................................................................................................................................. 25 Vulnerability ...................................................................................................................................... 25 Effects of Climate Change related to region within the Ekurhuleni Region ......................................... 26 Drought and Water Scarcity ........................................................................................................... 26 Flooding ......................................................................................................................................... 26 Heat Waves ................................................................................................................................... 27 Bushfires ........................................................................................................................................ 28 Biodiversity .................................................................................................................................... 28 Sectoral Analysis of the direct and indirect impacts of Climate Change .............................................. 29 Water ............................................................................................................................................ 29 Agricultural .................................................................................................................................... 29 Human health ................................................................................................................................ 29 Biodiversity and ecosystem ............................................................................................................ 29 Human settlements ....................................................................................................................... 29 Building resilience and Climate Proofing the City ................................................................................... 31 Adaptation ........................................................................................................................................ 31 Define ............................................................................................................................................ 31 Actions .......................................................................................................................................... 33 Mitigation .......................................................................................................................................... 38 Define ............................................................................................................................................ 38 Actions .......................................................................................................................................... 38 Climate Change Implications for Ekurhuleni ........................................................................................... 41 Environmental degradation and effects ............................................................................................. 41 Ekurhuleni’s key commitments .......................................................................................................... 43 Human Health and Social well being .................................................................................................. 44 Green and Clean Energy .................................................................................................................... 47 Water for all ...................................................................................................................................... 48 Waste –Minimisation Efforts and Recycling ....................................................................................... 50 Air Quality and GHG Reduction .......................................................................................................... 51 Conservation of Biodiversity .............................................................................................................. 52 Mining and its Legacy ........................................................................................................................ 54 Green Economy ................................................................................................................................. 56 Development of Green By-Laws and Imposing Green Building Principles ........................................... 57 Conclusion and Way forward ............................................................................................................. 58 PREFACE It is imperative that the planning and policy framework process be understood. The Climate Change Response Strategy is the overarching framework for climate change actions for the Ekurhuleni city region. The Environmental Resource Management (ERM) Department will in conjunction with this process engage with key departments and develop individual Climate Change Response Plans, which will start to highlight the effects and impacts that climate change will have on the particular departments sphere of work. The relevant department will be led through a process of understanding to highlight that planning around climate change needs to be done in conjunction with current planning processes to ensure that all risk are well covered. The Climate Change Departmental Response Plan will start the negotiation process between ERM and the relevant department and will determine the relevant actions that the department will commit to, these actions will be taken up in the Environmental Cooperative Agreements that are developed and signed by the Heads of Department. In some instance departments may require specific information on a particular action and ERM will then aid in development of Sustainability Benchmark Guidelines, attached as annexures to the climate change departmental response plans, to providing best practice methods. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Cities act as the concentration of economic activity within any region. Cities are therefore consumers of the vast majority of natural resources within the country and act as a major contributor to environmental degradation. Although urbanization is the driving force for modernization, economic growth and development, there is increasing concern about the effects of expanding cities, principally on human health, livelihoods and the environment. The implications of rapid urbanization and demographic trends for employment, food security, water supply, shelter and sanitation, especially the disposal of wastes (solid and liquid) that the cities produce are staggering (UNCED, 1992). This intense utilisation of natural resources has severe effects on the natural environment within the region causing it the ecosystems