Oceans & Climate Mitigation Blue Carbon in NDCs Blue Carbon Climate Change Mitigation Mangroves Salt Marsh Seagrass Coastal “Blue” Carbon under the UNFCCC NDCs and PA Technical and scientific aspects / IPCC Wetlands Supplement Coastal carbon ecosystems discussed as sinks and sources / Blue Carbon REDD negotiations started - Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation Aware of the role and importance in … marine and coastal ecosystems of sinks and reservoirs of GHGs Coastal and Ocean Ecosystems – many critical ecosystem services Fisheries Coastal protection & erosion control Coastal Water Quality Livelihoods (tourism etc.) Cultural value Food Biodiversity Carbon sequestration and storage Carbon sequestration capacity of corals, kelp, and marine fauna suggests that they do not represent consequential, verifiable, long- term carbon sinks with respect to the atmosphere. • Corals are currently a carbon source, and marine fauna do not sequester carbon directly but are simply a component of the carbon cycle. • Kelp ecosystems take up carbon in the short term, but without a meaningful soil component, they do not maintain long- term sinks. • The carbon sequestered by phytoplankton in deep- ocean sediments is globally important, due to the abundance of phytoplankton, but is inherently difficult and impractical to manage given its pan- oceanic distribution. In addition, the only current management strategy to increase phytoplankton productivity above the baseline involves artificially increasing nutrients (iron, nitrogen, phosphorus) in large expanses of the ocean; however, strong concerns have been expressed regarding the impacts of such geoengineering projects on ocean ecosystems. • Similarly, open- ocean ecosystems are predominantly outside national jurisdictional boundaries, hindering inclusion of these marine ecosystems in climate mitigation- related policies. • Policy challenges include lack of clarity regarding who would (1) determine and implement management strategies, (2) conduct assessments to support national GHG inventories, or (3) receive financial gains (such as carbon credits) resulting from climate mitigation activities. Globally accessible standards and methods 滨海蓝碳 红树林、盐沼和海草床碳储量和碳排放因子评估方法 Free to download: thebluecarboninitiative.org/manual 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands + 2019 Refinement US National Wetlands Inventory Emissions and removals of CO2 and CH4 on intact and restoring vegetated wetlands (all coastal wetlands considered managed). Drainage and excavation activities Conversion of vegetated wetlands to open water Land Use Change Net Emission Forestry activities on wetland soils CH4 emissions from impounded MMtCO2 / yr waters Wetland to Open Water 1.27-7.19 Aquaculture Wetland Drainage 0.70-1.92 Wetland Restoration 0.015-0.025 • integration into national greenhouse gas inventories • development of innovative approaches to protect BC ecosystems • science and research • capacity building and knowledge transfer • mobilization of funding for BC management Coastal carbon / NDCs • Focus on coastal ecosystems: - Mangroves - Tidal salt marshes - Seagrasses • High rates of carbon sequestration, act as long- term carbon sinks, and are contained within clear national jurisdictions • Large carbon storage in soil per unit area • Other ecosystem cobenefits Regional, national and local initiatives across the Pacific • Pacific Blue Carbon Partnership (GIZ, SPREP) • Blue Carbon Project (CI, DFAT) • Regional Pacific NDC Hub / Partnership (GIZ, SPC, SPREP) • Pacific Mangroves Ini. i.e MESCAL (SPREP, UNDP, IUCN, WFF) • BIOPAMA (IUCN, SPREP) • MACBIO (marine spatial planning) (GIZ, IUCN, SPREP) • Marine Spatial Planning – (IUCN) • International Partnership for Blue Carbon (Govt, NGO’s +) • Eco-DRR and Mangroves workshops (IUCN) • LMMA network • Reef to Ridge (GEF,UNDP) • Global Mangrove Alliance (BMZ, IUCN, WWF, TNC, WI, CI.+) • RAMSAR (IUCN, WI) Thank you http://thebluecarboninitiative.org/.