I The Atlas | 2018 II Letter from the Editors-in-Chief Dear Reader, This was a year of records and firsts for The Atlas. For the first time ever, we opened submissions to universities from across Canada. We are very proud to be able to publish the work of students from outside the University of British Columbia for the very first time. We hope this is the start of a rich tradition of academic exchange with partner universities from across the country. This year, we also received a record number of submissions of very high quality, making our selection process especially difficult. Our editorial board worked tirelessly to select and edit papers. Many hours have been spent refining the six papers which follow. This year also saw The Atlas receive external sponsorship for the first ever time. We are extremely thankful to the Jewish Museum and Archives of British Columbia for supporting undergraduate research. We are also very grateful to our faculty reviewers who sent us thoughtful and helpful assessments of our shortlisted papers. Furthermore, we would like to thank all of those who submitted to The Atlas. There were many outstanding papers this year, and we would like to recognize the hard work and passion that went into researching these papers. Finally, we would like to thank the authors published in this year’s edition. We are very proud to be able to provide a platform for high-quality, original research by some of Canada’s brightest undergraduate students. We hope you enjoy reading this year’s edition as much as we enjoyed putting it together. Sincerely, Peter Bennett-Koufie and Rebecca Silver Editors-In-Chief III Editorial Board Editors-in-Chief Peter Bennett-Koufie Peter is in his final year of the Honours History program at UBC. He has a broad range of scholarly interests, ranging from the history of the British Empire, to that of Colonial Africa, to decolonisation after the Second World War. As far as hobbies are concerned, he enjoys reading history and fiction, cooking, drinking tea and watching soccer. Peter will be commencing his law degree in the fall and is excited for what this new chapter in his life holds in store for him. Rebecca Silver Rebecca Silver is in her third year in Honours History. Her main areas of historical interest include Russian and Soviet history and culture. She has even started learning the basics of the Russian language, which is turning out to be a rather difficult pursuit. Rebecca looks forward to visiting Russia in the future, no matter how mediocre her skills in the language are. After completing her undergraduate degree, Rebecca hopes to attend law school. In her free time, Rebecca enjoys reading non-academic books and playing the piano. Editors Charles Connor Kelly Connor’s research interests have been quite broad; nevertheless, he has pursued two major topics during his academic career. Currently, he is writing an article on Austro-Hungarian colonial architecture and urban planning in Bosnia & Herzegovina, while his honours thesis focused on the construction of masculinity at Upper Canada College (1895-1929). Outside of class he enjoys working on his pottery as well as playing squash recreationally. One fun fact about Connor? He’s spent a summer serving as a volunteer firefighter. Kevin Ang Kevin is a fourth year BA student majoring in Honours History with International Relations. His principal area of interest concerns the political history of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Cross-Strait Relations. By assuming the position of editor with the Atlas, he hopes to engage with other budding historians on questions surrounding the state of affairs in mainland China, and its implications for future ties between Taipei and Beijing. An avid fan of cartography, Kevin likes to pore over old maps in his spare time. He absolutely loves bubble tea and beef noodle soup! IV Duncan Cooper Duncan Cooper is a fourth-year student at UBC in the history honours program. Having gained valuable experience as an executive of the History Students Association and IdeasXchange, he hopes to work in the non-profit sector after graduation, before returning to graduate studies. He is deeply invested in social and environmental justice causes and considers the study of the past to be vital in effectuating change within these realms. His areas of interest include Indigenous histories (with particular attention to territorial sovereignty and political organization), decolonization, and 20th century political history. A diehard Montrealer, he spends his free time giving lengthy sermons about its cultural primacy. Carmen Watson A proud francophone having lived most of her life in Western Canada, Carmen is a fourth-year Honours History and International Relations double major. Her main areas of focus include decolonization, Indigenous rights within the North American context, nationhood and nation- building, and the politics of resistance. Her Honours thesis explores the family as a site of Indigenous nationhood and examines contemporary practices of forced family restructuring as breaches of Indigenous sovereignty. When she’s not hard at work on her thesis or reading about global politics, she can be found daydreaming about her next travels and trying to brush up on her broken Spanish. Future career aspirations include working with NGOs, within the public service, and within academia. Jan Prchal Jan Prchal is a fourth-year student in the BA-History Honours program. While he specializes in European history, he also likes North American history, world history, and art history. He enjoys hiking, rock climbing, soccer, and the occasional trail-run. His career aspirations are to teach history to secondary school students; it turns out the career prospects for full-time travellers are slim. The next place on his list of travels? Iceland! Andrew Gong Andrew is currently a fourth-year student studying International Economics at the Vancouver School of Economics, with a minor in history. Outside of his academics, he is interested in traveling to exciting and faraway places and enjoys reading about the commercial aviation sector in his free time. In the future, he hopes to pursue to a legal career with an international dimension. V Peter Bruno Peter Bruno is a second-year student at the University of British Columbia intending to major in Honours History with International Relations. Originally from France, Peter has lived most of his life in the Netherlands. His main area of focus lies in modern Middle Eastern history. Specifically speaking, Peter is interested in the exercise of nation-building, and how intellectuals introduced novel ideas and aspirations in the hope of constructing new societies. After graduation, Peter would like to pursue graduate studies, incorporating these passions in his further research. In his spare time, Peter enjoys cooking and reading. Louis Renard Louis is 4th year student, majoring in History and minoring in Medieval Studies. His areas of interest include: French History, History of Language, Indigenous History, History of Science and Technology, and Medieval Literary/Cultural History. He aspires to a career as a History professor. One fun fact about Louis? He was once viciously attacked by a pack of particularly territorial shrimp while swimming in the South of France. Most of his free time is split between singing, taking long walks in the woods, cooking, and playing tabletop games. Caroline Cassinelli Caroline Cassinelli is a third-year History Honours major and English minor at UBC. As an international student from Portland, Oregon, she has enjoyed getting to know the city of Vancouver over the past two years. Caroline is interested in all types of history, but she especially likes to study South Asian history, Indigenous North American history, and feminist history. She plans to pursue a career in academics as a high school teacher or university professor. When she is not in class or working with the Atlas, Caroline can be found making coffee at Loafe Café on campus and performing with the UBC Musical Theatre Troupe. Additionally, Caroline is extremely passionate about Deaf rights and is currently working on a blog concerning the lives of Deaf adults and CODAs (Children of Deaf Adults). She is aiming to become fluent in American Sign Language. Priscilla Ng Priscilla is a fourth-year Linguistics major with an interest in contemporary Chinese history, Islamic history, and history of the Middle East. She is also a freelance writer for a lifestyle magazine based in Hong Kong, and a journalist. Her future career aspirations include working in media and press relations, or the news industry. She likes to learn languages, explore second- hand bookstores, and coffee-shop-hop in her spare time. VI Arianne Muskens Arianne Muskens is currently in her 2nd undergraduate year pursuing a double major in History and Asian Studies. Initially captivated by the geography of Northeast Asia, her areas of interest now include the pre-modern religious and folk culture of the region and how it has come to influence the historical course of aesthetics and government. Her biggest goal for the future is to increase the accessibility and positive perception of knowledge by creating a method of instruction that blends both education and entertainment. Although her ultimate dream is to become a novelist, she also plans to pursue a path in graduate school or translation. Besides diligent historical research, Arianne also enjoys writing whimsical short stories, exercising her piano skills, and cross-country running. Tessa Mouzourakis Tessa Mouzourakis is a third-year History major interested in European and Colonial History, and the diabolical genius of Machiavelli’s The Prince. A massive book worm, Tessa aspires to be a writer of poems and stories that actually get published. In the summer, Tessa spends her time in Nashville, Tennessee, writing songs and avoiding honkey-tonks.