THE POETICS OF EROTIC IMAGERY IN SHEN YUE by JANET FONG YEE WALKER B.Sc, McGill University, 1992 B.A., The University of British Columbia, 1996 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Asian Studies) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April 1999 © Janet Fong Yee Walker, 1999 in presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of AsJArl STUD/E<^ The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada DE-6 (2/88) Abstract The development of love poetry during the late Southern Dynasties period reveals several important shifts in erotic imagery used. During this time, Shen Yue (441-513) was a very influential poet. This thesis examines how Shen Yue manipulated erotic imagery to effect profoundly the evolution of the love poem in the Qi-Liang age. This evolution reflected social movements that were occurring simultaneously, and that were propelling love poetry towards greater sophistication. Literary society, influenced by the aristocratic mores of the time, was separating into literary cliques centred about the royal family. This elitist culture encouraged the development of dualities of inclusion/ exclusion through promoting certain imagery in love poetry. This thesis examines four realms of Shen Yue's erotic imagery for the appearance of aristocratizing mechanisms: those of cosmological, natural and artificial origin together with that of the female figure. These four areas reveal Shen Yue's constant agenda; namely, increasing the strictness of codification within each area while modifying the range of referents included. Shen Yue carries out both of these operations to increase the sophistication and urbanity of his works, successfully creating an aristocratic ethos in his poems. Consequently, the success of Shen Yue's work with erotic imagery is shown in its influence upon the following school of Palace-style poets, who continued in developing the aristocratic and cultured aspects of love poetry. ill TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Chronological List of Dynasties iV List of Emperors Ruling During Shen Yue's Life v INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I The Cosmos 17 1.1 Signs in the Firmament 18 1.2 The Seasons 36 CHAPTER II The World of Nature 45 2.1 A Positive Web 48 2.2 Negative Webs 56 CHAPTER III Eroticizing of the Artificial 64 3.1 Value Through Association and Innovation 73 3.2 Devalued Through Disuse 81 3.3 Xinbian 85 CHAPTER IV The Ideal Woman 88 4.1 Inward Eroticism, Outward Confinement 92 4.2. Objets D'Art 100 CONCLUSION 112 Bibliography 117 iv Chronology of Han to Tang Dynasties Qin (fj|) Dynasty 221-206BCE Han (yj|) Dynasty 206BCE-220CE THREE KINGDOMS WufJH) 222-280 Shu (D) and 221-263 Wei (HI) Kingdoms 220-265 Western Jin (0|f) 263-317 PERIOD OF DIVISON Southern Dynasties Northern Dynasties Eastern Jin (MM) 317-420 Sixteen Kingdoms 304-386 Song (T|€) 420-479 Northern Wei (i\M) 386-534 Qi m) 479-502 Liang (M) 502-557 Western Wei (0 fjfc) 536-566 Northern Zhou (;||;j!!0) 557-80 Chen flSjjC) 557-589 Eastern Wei (MW 534-560 Northern Qi (\tW) 550-77 Sui (|§|) Dynasty 589-618 Tang (Iff) Dynasty 618-907 Chronological List of Emperors Ruling During Shen Yue's Life (441-513) Imperial Name Personal Name Name of Regent Reign Song (5J5) Dynasty Houfei Di Liu Yu(glJJ|) 473-477 Shun Di Liu Chu (§IJ tp) 477-478 Qi (W) Dynasty Gao Di Xiao DaoehengC^^S^c) 479-482 Wu Di Xiao Ze 483-493 (Yongming Xiao Chaoye (B7p7 : I) Xiao Luan (Jlf) 493- 494 Xiao Chaowen (0g yC) Xiao Luan 494- 494 Ming Di Xiao Luan 494-498 Donghun Hou Xiao Baojuan (Jf#) 498-501 He Di Xiao Baorong (Jf H) Xiao YanfJtftj) 501-502 Liang Dynasty Wu Di Xiao Yan 502-549 Jianwen Di Xiao Gang (Jf) 549-551 1 Introduction The third to fifth centuries of the Common Era in China were extremely innovative and creative times for literature. It was during this exciting time that Shen Yue (jjzftj) rose to prominence as one of the leading poets of his age. For the first time in Chinese history, various efforts were made to formulate paradigms solely for thinking about literature and its place in social-historical context. Those interested began to try to separate works of aesthetic merit (with wen from other texts that were more scholastic and prosaic. Debates arose on the nature of wen (a word with connotations of patterning, decoration and aesthetics), and its presence or absence in texts.1 Works of literary criticism appeared attempting not only to define what literature was but also to explore what the driving force for literary production was.2 As a member of a influential literary clique during the Qi (^f) and Liang (^) periods, Shen Yue was in the thick of the debate, which had been ongoing for many generations and which was to increase exponentially in sophistication and complexity during his lifetime. Ideas about literature and its purpose had appeared as early as the Han dynasty that placed a heavily didactic burden upon literature and also linked it to an expression of "what is intently on the mind,"4 tying it to the mind-state of the poet on the most fundamental level. Both of these ideas were to affect greatly the attitudes expressed by 1 For example Liu Xie's work, Wen Xin Diao Long >C 'LV HI f t> translated into English in Vincent Shih, The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons (Taiwan: Chung Hwa Book Company, 1975) 2 See General Introduction, Siu-kit Wong, Early Chinese Literary Criticism (Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Company, 1983) 3This occurred in such works as "The Mao Preface to the Shi Jing (The Classic of Poetry)" (^ jf^f 0-). 2 critics. The later, more expressionistic concept was of great importance to the first major school of poetry after the Han: that of the Jian'an period (196-220 CE). Led by Cao Zhi (If fjl), this group of poets emphasized poetry as the expression of the personal ethical sentiments of the poet. However, during later times, with the rupture of the dynastic tradition, the expression of personal thoughts could be extremely dangerous. Later poets turned to metaphysical discussion in their works. This trend towards abstract philosophizing was deplored by later critics: In the Yongjia period (307-313), the philosophies of Huang Di and Lao Zi were dearly cherished, and the discussions unfettered by practical necessities became the fashion of the day. It was a time in which the disparate essays written were more worthy of note for their arguments than their language, and the literature of the period will be remembered for its want of poetic exuberance and zest.5 In this type of philosophic, didactical path that Chinese poetry took, the idea of poetry as an expression of "what is intently on the mind" was largely undeveloped. It was to rectify this tendency that one of the period's most admired works was written: Lu Ji's Wen Fu(SC$^A Poetic Discourse on Literature). Lu Ji turned once more to the concept of wen to show that literary writing is the outward manifestation of the wen (patterning) that is inherent in nature, in that writing is influenced and sparked off by the presence of wen in nature. Thus, rather than creating the work, the poet serves to make manifest that which is present in all aspects of the world but which requires 'activation' by the literary mind (wen xin JC>b) to become literature. With this emphasis on the role 4 Stephen Owen's translation for shiyanzhi f^f "g ^ (a concept first appearing in the Book of Documents [Shu Jing H H> ]), translated in Readings in Chinese Literary Thought (Boston: Council of East Asian Studies Harvard University, 1992) 26 5 Zhong Rong (|| Shi Pin Ji Zhu (flf ^p H ££•), ed. Cao Xu |f j\g (Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Publishing Co., 1994) 24, trans, by Siu-kit Wong in Early Chinese Literary Criticism 91 3 of the mind of the poet as refiner of patterns, theories were produced that concentrated on the way in which the poet shaped the literature that he produced. The questions of how the poet was to fulfil this role and how it could be done well were questions of paramount importance in the increasingly literary society that was encouraged by Southern Dynasties regimes. During this time, poets investigated many modes of literary expression. The poetic interest m yuefu (folk-songs l^jfif) grew steadily in the third to sixth centuries. This interest began in'the Han dynasty when a governmental department was established for the collection and collation of folk songs. This was the Bureau of Music, the Yuefu (^ /^f).6 Although the Bureau later collapsed, yuefu still were recorded in the Southern Dynasties. Poets worked at refining and re-writing the folk songs that were collected, and writing imitations of these songs became a popular pastime amongst the literati.7 Shen Yue himself had no small part to play in the popularity of this form.