Translingual Literary Practice: Literatures in Contact Submitted by: Claudia Zucca Thesis for Doctorate of Philosophy Department: School of Languages, Literatures and Cultural Studies University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland June 2020 1 Declaration I declare that this thesis has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at this or any other university and it is entirely my own work. 2 Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to my supervisor Professor Moray McGowan for all the support, guidance and mentoring in preparing for this thesis over the years. I would also like to thank him for the stimulating and invigorating discussions that have enabled the ‘translingual’ to emerge far beyond my own expectations. I would also like to thank Professor Peter Arnds in the German department, for his invaluable feedback, observations and suggestions, both during the review process and as the internal examiner. I would also like to thank Professor Cormac O' Cuilleanáin for his assistance during the review process. Furthermore, I would like to thank the external examiner from Leeds University, Professor Gigliola Sulis, for her invaluable feedback, which spurred me to further question my understanding of the term ‘translingual’. A special thanks to Paul Thomas Waterhouse for his expertise, his editing skills and for his invaluable help throughout the years. A special heartfelt thanks to my daughter Isabella Jean Frances Waterhouse and to Cecile Sigourney Waterhouse. 3 Abstract: A Translingual Literary Practice The aim of this thesis is to explore literary translingualism. The translingual is a term that is becoming widespread in academia, but is still in need of fuller definition and of being distinguished from other terms with which it overlaps. This thesis uses the term translingual to refer to texts which use more than one language in specific interactive ways, emphasising the dynamic, fluid and generative qualities in texts which cross cultural and linguistic borders and boundaries, rather than defining such texts in a static and additive manner. Translingualism involves the capacity for languages in texts to influence and transform each other in the context of exchanges. Thus, the methodological approach used in this thesis integrates literary studies with findings in language contact studies, since its objective is to understand the way languages in contact in texts influence each other in transformative ways, rather than merely co-existing in the same diglossic space. This necessarily involves a text-focussed interpretive practice, which I term a translingual literary practice (TLP). This approach focuses on the ways linguistic elements are exchanged between or synthesised from two or more linguistic systems. On an aesthetic level, the languages may be used in such a way as to create innovations and produce a new type of literary text that challenges homogenous language systems or dominant discourses. A review of relevant extant secondary literature and a necessarily tentative definition of the translingual, whose purpose is to make clear the differences to similar-sounding terms which are often used indiscriminately, is followed by chapters addressing a wide range of examples of translingual writing from different genres, cultures and language combinations. Without claiming to provide definitive or final answers, the study’s overall goal is to move forward the understanding of the translingual, its scope – what it is and what it is not – and its transformative force. 4 Contents Declaration ........................................................................................................................ 2 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 3 Abstract: A Translingual Literary Practice ....................................................................... 4 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 9 Contexts and Methodological Approaches to Translingual Literary Practice 9 A Note on Terminology: Glossary in Context ............................................. 16 Glossary .......................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter Plan .................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 1 Towards a Definition of a Translingual Literary Practice ............................. 23 An Introduction: The Emergence of the Term Translingual ........................ 23 A Translingual Literary Practice: Towards a Theory of a Textual Practice . 24 Language Contact Studies: Key Texts ......................................................... 33 Literate Arts of the Contact Zone: Translingual Texts ................................. 34 The Social Aspects in Language Contact in Translingual Con/texts ........... 39 Interlanguage and ‘Imperfect Learning’ Strategies in Translingual Texts ... 42 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 49 Chapter 2 A Comparative Study: Bilingualism, Multilingualism and Translingualism . 51 Introduction .................................................................................................. 51 New Paradigms and Terminology: Introduction .......................................... 51 Discussions on Terminology Currently in Usage ......................................... 54 Multilingualism, Bilingualism vs. Translingualism: a Comparative Study . 56 Etymological Considerations on Key Terms ................................................ 58 Multilingualism in Literature and Literary Translingualism ........................ 60 From Forster to Contemporary Scholars ...................................................... 62 5 Translingual Calques: Writing in a Second Language ................................. 71 Macaronic Verse in a Translingual Approach. ............................................. 73 Conclusion: Final Considerations ................................................................. 73 Chapter 3 A Translingual Literary Evaluation: T.S. Eliot and Antoine Cassar .............. 77 Introduction .................................................................................................. 77 T. S. ELIOT: an Evaluation of The Waste Land .......................................... 78 2.1 The Impact of Modernism: The Development of the Metropolis. ............ 78 2.2 T.S Eliot: Bibliographical, Cultural and Geographical Landscapes ......... 81 2.3 The Waste Land: Mythical Sources .......................................................... 85 2.4 Contexts, Language and Modernist Techniques: The Waste Land ........... 87 2.5 Translingualism or Multilingualism ......................................................... 94 2.6 The Significance of Literary Citations in The Waste Land..................... 104 2.7 Linguistic Strategies and Use of Quoted Material in The Waste Land ... 106 Antoine Cassar: Switching Tongues in Digital Platforms .......................... 109 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 110 3.2 Cassar: the Nomadic Writer .................................................................... 111 3.3 Structure, Form and Context: Mosaics in Form...................................... 113 3.4 Mużajk: an exploration in multilingual verse: Thematic Threads .......... 114 3.5 A Linguistic Analysis of the Mużajki Poems: Tak, jakno pták .............. 118 3.6 Translingual Representations in Technological Media........................... 122 3.7 Towards the Future of Translingualism: Digital Translingual Texts ...... 124 3.8 Digital Translingual Performance Songs: María Mencía ....................... 130 3.9 The Significance and Role of Translation in Cassar’s Work .................. 138 The Waste Land versus Mużajk: an exploration in multilingual verse ...... 141 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 144 6 Chapter 4 When Borders Matter: Cherrie Moraga and Susana Chávez-Silverman...... 148 Introduction ................................................................................................ 148 1.1 Terminology in Context .......................................................................... 150 1.2 The Development of Spanglish: Spanish and English in Contact .......... 152 1.3 The Social and Political Context: Borders and Borderlands .................. 156 Cherrie Moraga: In Search of my Mother’s Tongue .................................. 164 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 164 2.2 The Genre of Autoethnography: Essays, Stories and Poetry .................. 166 2.3 Autobiographical, Social and Political Contexts .................................... 167 2.4 In Search of my Mother’s Tongue and Body: Language and Sexuality . 168 2.5 Linguistic Landscapes in Loving ............................................................ 172 2.6 Canto Florido: Code-Switching and Mixing .......................................... 174 2.7 Grafting a Third Language of the Mestizia in the Borderlands .............. 181 2.8 The Role of the Indigenous in Moraga’s Writing and Performance ....... 184 Chavez-Silverman: A Text without Borders