Full story of ramayana in english pdf Continue Rama with Lakshmana, killing Ravana Ramayana (pronounced roughly as Raa-Maye-a-na), resembles an Odyssey, while Mahabharata is somewhat reminiscent of the Iliad. Composed around the same time as Mahabharata, Ramayana is written in 24,000 pairs. In fact, it is a story of love and exile. The symbolism of history has been interpreted in several ways, but is widely seen as a story of good overcoming evil, with dharma or duty. (Source: BBC) Valmiki or Sanskrit Ramayana contains about 50,000 lines of verse. It's much longer than both iliad and Odyssey. The narrative is divided into seven books. There are numerous translations of Ramayan available in English. One popular but extremely condensed version based on the Tamil language of Kamban is the R.K. Narayan version (Penguin Books); in India, just as popular version, also in prose, but longer, K. Rajagopalachari (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan). Another easily available abbreviated version in William Buck's poems. The most scientific and complete English translation of Ramayana is a multivolume version of Robert Goldman, Sheldon Pollock and others, published by Princeton websites and Hindu resources: Hinduism today hinduismtoday.com; The Heart of Hinduism (Krishna Movement) iskconeducationalservices.org; India Divine indiadivine.org; Religious tolerance of the Hindu page religioustolerance.org/hinduism; Hindu index uni- giessen.de/~gk1415/hinduism; Wikipedia article Wikipedia ; Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies ochs.org.uk; Hindu-web-hinduwebsite.com/hinduindex; Hindu gallery hindugallery.com; Hindusim Today Photo Gallery himalayanacademy.com; Encyclopedia Britannica Online article britannica.com ; Shyama Ranganathan International Encyclopedia of Philosophy, University of iep.utm.edu/hindu; Vedic Hinduism SW Jamieson and M Witzel, Harvard University people.fas.harvard.edu; Hindu religion, Swami Vivekananda (1894), Wikisource; Hinduism Swami Nikilananda, Mission Ramakrishna .wikisource.org; All about Hinduism Swami Sivananda dlshq.org; Advaita Vedanta Hinduism Sangita Menon, International Encyclopedia of Philosophy (one of the non-jewish schools of Hindu philosophy); Journal of Hindu Studies, Oxford University Press academic.oup.com/jhs; Hindu texts: Sanskrit and Prakrith Hindu, Buddhist and Jain manuscripts Volume 1 archive.org/stream and Volume 2 archive.org/stream; Sanskrit Clay Library claysanskritlibrary.org; Sacred texts: Hinduism sacred-texts.com; Collection of Sanskrit documents: ItX-style documents of Upanishads, Stotra, etc. sanskritdocuments.org; Ramayana and Mahabharata condensed a poem by Romesh Chunder libertyfund.org; Ramayana, a monomite of the University of California, Berkeley, web.archive.org; Ramayana in Gutenberg.org gutenberg.org; Mahabharata Online (Sanskrit) ; Mahabharata holybooks.com/mahabharata-all-volumes; Mahabharata Reading Suggestions, J. L. Fitzgerald, Das Professor sanskrit, Department of Classics, Brown University brown.edu/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics; Mahabharata Gutenberg.org gutenberg.org; Bhagavad Gita (Arnold Translation) wikisource.org/wiki/The_Bhagavad_Gita; Bhagavad Gita in Sacred Texts sacred-texts.com; Bhagavad Gita gutenberg.org gutenberg.org Ramayana has been performed across India and Southeast Asia for at least 2,000 years. The earliest written text dates back to 400 AD and was written by the poet Valmiki, who collected stories, songs and prayers related to Rama and Sita. Vinay Lal, a professor of history at the University of California, Los Angeles, wrote: Ramayana belongs to a class of literature known in Sanskrit as kavia (poetry), although in the West it is considered to belong to the category of literature familiar to Homer's readers, namely the epic. This is one of two epics, the other mahabharata, which had a decisive influence on the formation of the nature of Indian civilization. Ramayana existed in the oral tradition, perhaps as early as 1500 BC, but the fourth century BC is generally accepted as the date of its composition in Sanskrit Valmiki. Source: Vinay Lal, Professor of History, University of California, Los Angeles, The Asian Society of Valmiki writes to Ramayana Although some right-wing ideologues in recent years, wanting to have Ramayan tied to him in the same way as the scriptures of Christianity and the Koran, sought to date Ramayana at least 6,000 years ago and even to present the exact date of its composition, this in no way detracts from the importance of the text to suggest that the history of Ramayan is the least interesting of the questions that may be raised about him and its symbols. Whether in fact his hero Rama, who in Hindu mythology is the avatar of Vishnu, but the main deity in his own right, and who is also worshipped in some parts of Northern India as king, existed or not, hardly has any significance. Another kind of excess is to view it simply as a trail - as a sign of patriarchy, for example, or as a sign of valiant and belligerent kshatriyahood, which is what the current generation of hindutvavadis have turned it into. there are Muslim versions in Java, and Buddhist versions in Thailand. History exists as shadow plays in Indonesia, temple carving in Cambodia, dances, plays and ritual stageds throughout India. The text lives in books from ola leaf in Sri Lanka and on painted boxes in Northern India. One of the phenomena of this epic is its migration around the world, which led to the versions and stories, each narrator re-composes a story for each audience. Ramayana is still a tradition of live performance. (Source: British Library) According to scholars, the whole of Ramayan is not a product of one hand. Their research showed that, in addition to minor interpolations in other areas, the first and seventh books were finally added afterwards. For here there are statements in conflict with those in later books and Rama turns into the embodiment of the universal god Vi'nu, while in the original poem (II- VI) he is just a human hero. This process of delineation must have taken some time, and perhaps even the authentic and false parts have been separated for centuries. Now, by what period should we assign the epic core of ourselves? From The insertion of Kambhydna into Mahabharata's third book, there can be no doubt that The poem of Valmiki must have been widely known as an old work before Mahabharata took a coherent form. It is also important that Ramayana does not belong to the Pataliputre founded by Udayin; The capital of Kosala is still called Ayodha, not Saketa, which was his name in Buddhist and other later works. Buddha is mentioned only once, and this too, perhaps, in the interpolated verse, and the political conditions indicate the paternal rule of kings exercising power over small states. Consideration of all these and other points led Dr. McDonnell to suggest that the core of Rdmayapa was composed before 500 BC, while the later parts probably were not added until the 2nd century BC and later. Source: The History of Ancient India by Rama Shankar Trivati, Professor of Ancient Indian History and Culture, Benares Hindu University, 1942 Approximate definition of the date of Ramayana, however, does not solve the problem of the chronological situation of its heroes. This problem, of course, does not bother the average Hindu. For him, Rama is a divine figure who lived once, and the story of his actions is a source of inspiration, as well as a mine of absolute historical facts. But the historian's critical reasoning may not find much useful information of the last class. Indeed, some scholars even doubt that the narrative contains any story at all. For example, Lassen and Weber take Ramayana to represent allegorically the first attempt of the Aryans to conquer the non-Aryan south and spread their culture there. McDonnell and Jacobi, on the other hand, believe that this is a whimsical creation based on Indian mythology. According to this interpretation, Sita is the embodiment of the furrow; Rama plays for Indra; and his conflict with Ravana can be traced back to Indra-Vritra's old myth of Rigveda. Without toiling the point further, this clearly illustrates Kamayana's story offers fertile ground for speculation. There is no doubt that it is densely intertwined with mythological fiction, but to discredit the history of Rama in general seems too broad an assumption. It is mentioned in the Buddhist DaJaratba Jatak, where we see him in his normal form devoid of divine attributes. It is also known that Kosala has been an important kingdom in Madhyadet since the Aryan expansion to the east. Therefore, it can be seen as the core of the fact that Rama was a real man who belonged to the royal house of Ixwak Ayodhiya and whose achievements both in the war and in the world left a deep impression on the popular imagination. However, the era of Rama's benevolent rule is as uncertain as the current political state of North or South India. Ramayana is one of the most famous and beloved fairy tales in India and Southeast Asia. Essentially a story about love and exile, it tells the story of Prince Rama, who was sent into exile in the woods with his wife Sita and his brother Lakshaman. Sita is kidnapped by the evil demon Ravana, but is eventually saved by Prince Rama with the help of the Monkey God Hanuman. The Valmiki or Sanskrit Ramayana are divided into seven books, namely: 1) Bala-kanda: Rama's childhood and youth; 2) Ayodha-kanda: Dasaratha's court and scenes that set the stage for the development of history, including the exchange between Dasaratha and Kaikei and the