EPA/600/R-12/034 January 2012 LITERATURE REVIEW OF REMEDIATION METHODS FOR PCBS IN BUILDINGS by Environmental Health & Engineering, Inc. Needham, Massachusetts Contract No. EP-C-10-043 for Zhishi Guo Project Officer Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division National Risk Management Research Laboratory Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 National Risk Management Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268 Disclaimer The work reported in this document was funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under Contract No. EP-C-10-043 to Environmental Health & Engineering, Inc. It has been subjected to the Agency’s peer and administrative reviews and has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Any opinions expressed in this report are those of the author(s) and do not, necessarily, reflect the official positions and policies of the EPA. Any mention of products or trade names does not constitute recommendation for use by the EPA. ii Abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) had numerous commercial applications before they were banned in the U.S. in 1978. Those uses included the addition of PCBs to building construction materials, such as adhesives, paint, and particularly caulk used to seal components of a building envelope. Growing awareness of this issue has led to an increase in the need to demonstrate compliance with current regulations for PCBs within buildings. This literature review contains a description and analysis of existing methods for management of PCBs in construction materials. Information on the strengths and limitations, efficacy, cost, and byproducts of each remediation method is presented, where available. The report is based upon a comprehensive review and synthesis of conference proceedings, and technical reports by government and commercial organizations. Numerous methods for abatement, i.e., reducing the amount of PCBs in building materials, and mitigation, i.e., limiting the release of PCBs from building materials, are described in the literature. The abatement techniques involve removal of PCB-containing materials with mechanical or hand tools, or application of chemicals intended to either extract or degrade PCBs. Techniques for mitigation of PCB impacts in buildings involve engineering controls such as encapsulation and ventilation that limit PCB levels in occupied parts of a building. Mitigation was also achieved through administrative controls, which were typically guided by a site-specific assessment of risk, and included reassignment of space use and implementation of an operation and maintenance plan for building-related PCBs. Abatement through removal of PCB-containing materials and numerous mitigation methods were generally reported to be effective for attaining compliance with current PCB regulations, The efficacy of chemical degradation and extraction techniques for PCB concentrations encountered in caulk and other products manufactured with PCBs has not yet been demonstrated in the literature. Most reports indicate that the greatest control of PCBs in building materials is obtained when multiple remediation methods are employed. The selection of remediation methods for a particular building should be determined on a case by case basis. The costs of managing PCB-containing building materials can be substantial, an observation that underscores the importance of understanding site-specific conditions, establishing practical remediation goals, and selecting the most appropriate remediation methods. iii Foreword The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged by Congress with protecting the Nation’s land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of national environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate and implement actions leading to a compatible balance between human activities and the ability of natural systems to support and nurture life. To meet this mandate, EPA’s research program is providing data and technical support for solving environmental problems today and building a science knowledge base necessary to manage our ecological resources wisely, understand how pollutants affect our health, and prevent or reduce environmental risks in the future. The National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL) is the Agency’s center for investigation of technological and management approaches for preventing and reducing risks from pollution that threaten human health and the environment. The focus of the Laboratory’s research program is on methods and their cost-effectiveness for prevention and control of pollution to air, land, water, and subsurface resources; protection of water quality in public water systems; remediation of contaminated sites, sediments and ground water; prevention and control of indoor air pollution; and restoration of ecosystems. NRMRL collaborates with both public and private sector partners to foster technologies that reduce the cost of compliance and to anticipate emerging problems. NRMRL’s research provides solutions to environmental problems by: developing and promoting technologies that protect and improve the environment; advancing scientific and engineering information to support regulatory and policy decisions; and providing the technical support and information transfer to ensure implementation of environmental regulations and strategies at the national, state, and community levels. This publication has been produced as a continued effort to support the EPA's mission of protecting human health and the environment. It is published and made available by EPA’s Office of Research and Development to assist the user community and to link researchers with their clients. Cynthia Sonich-Mullin, Director National Risk Management Research Laboratory iv taBlE of contEnts � 1.0 IntroductIon......................................................................................................................4 � 1.1 ScoPE AND oRGANIZAtIoN oF tHE LItERAtURE REvIEw ...................................................4 � 1.2 BAckGRoUND ....................................................................................................................5 � 1.3 REGULAtoRy coNtExt ......................................................................................................6 � 1.4 ENvIRoNMENtAL HEALtH coNtExt ....................................................................................9 � 1.5 SUMMARy .........................................................................................................................10 � 2.0 Summary of LIterature Search.......................................................................................11 � 2.1 APPRoAcH ........................................................................................................................11 � 2.2 LItERAtURE SEARcH RESULtS ..........................................................................................13 � 2.3 PcB-coNtAINING BUILDING MAtERIALS ............................................................................14 � 2.4 REMEDIAtIoN MEtHoDS....................................................................................................15 � 3.0 remedIatIon methodS .......................................................................................................21 � 3.1 SoURcE REMovAL ............................................................................................................21 � 3.2 SoURcE MoDIFIcAtIoN .....................................................................................................30 � 3.3 ENGINEERING coNtRoLS ..................................................................................................36 � 3.4 ADMINIStRAtIvE coNtRoLS .............................................................................................42 � 4.0 concLuSIonS and recommendatIonS .............................................................................48 � 4.1 PcBS IN BUILDING MAtERIALS ..........................................................................................48 � 4.2 REMEDIAtIoN MEtHoDS....................................................................................................49 � 4.3 REcoMMENDAtIoNS .........................................................................................................52 � 5.0 referenceS........................................................................................................................53 � aPPendIX a ................................................................................................................................64 � LISt of aPPendIceS Appendix A: Electronic Indices of Scientific and technical Publications Queried LISt of boXeS Box 1.1 40 cFR §761.3 – Definitions of PcB waste � Box 3.1 Mitigation Efforts Described by Bent et al. (1994, 2000) � LISt of tabLeS table 1.1 Definitions of clean-Up Related terms from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency table 1.2 Summary of Disposal options and clearance criteria for PcB wastes Specified in code of Federal Regulations title 40 Section 761 � table 1.3 Public Health targets for PcBs in School Indoor Air (ng/m3) Suggested by EPA table 2.1 keywords Used for Literature Search table 2.2 List of References by Literature type table 2.3 PcB-containing Building Materials and Exposure Media table 2.4 Description of Remediation Methods table 2.5 key Elements of a typical work Plan for Mitigation of PcB-containing Building Materials table 3.1 Source Removal Methods for Abatement of PcB-containing