Development of Heterotic Groups for Hybrid Production in Tomato Syed Muhammad Waqas Gillani 2019 Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences Jhang Road, Faisalabad This page intentionally left blank. Thesis Approval Form Student’s Name: Syed Muhammad Waqas Gillani Department: Biological Sciences Registration Number: 13-7P1-05-2014 Date of Registration: 1.09-2014 Thesis Title: Development of Heterotic Groups for Hybrid Production in Tomato RECOMMENDATION (if any) by: General comments (attach additional sheet if required) When the final thesis defense of the student has been concluded and all other requirements have been met, I a. Do Recommend that the candidate be certified to the faculty for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy b. Do Recommend that the candidate be certified to the faculty for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy subject to the minor correction in the thesis. c. Do Recommend that the candidate should reappear in the oral defense d. Do NOTRecommend that the candidate be certified to the faculty for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Examiners Signatures 1. Internal Examiner (Name & Affiliation): 2. Internal Examiner (Name & Affiliation): 3. Internal Examiner (Name & Affiliation): 4. Supervisor (Name & Affiliation): 5. Head of Department (Name): 6. Dean (Research) : Approved by: Head of the Department (Name) :___________________________ Signatures/Date ______________ Distribution: 1. Original to be placed in Student’s Personal file in the office of Dean (Research) 2. Copy to be included in the thesis prior to final submission. Thesis Submission Approval This is to certify that the work contained in this thesis entitled Development of Heterotic Groups for Hybrid Production in Tomato, was carried out by Syed Muhammad Waqas Gillani, and in my opinion, it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, for the degree of Ph.D.Furthermore, it is hereby approved for submission for review and thesis defense. Supervisor: ______________________ Name: Dr. M. Yussouf Saleem Date: 07 August, 2019 Place: NIAB Faisalabad. Co-Supervisor: ___________________ Name: Dr. Amjad Hameed Date: 07 August, 2019 Place: NIAB Faisalabad Head, Department of Biological Sciences: ___________________ Name: Dr. Iftikhar Ali Date: 07 August, 2019 Place: NIAB Faisalabad. Development of Heterotic Groups for Hybrid Production in Tomato Syed Muhammad Waqas Gillani Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. 2019 Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences Jhang Road, Faisalabad i Dedications This work is dedicated to my ‘Father & Mother’ without their support love and sacrifices this would have been a distant dream. It is because of their uncondtional support which always motivates me to set higher goals .I would also like to dedicate it to my wife, brothers and lovely sister. ii Acknowledgments All praise to ALMIGHTY ALLAH, the most merciful and the most compassionate and his Holy Prophet ‘MUHAMMAD’ (Peace be upon him) the most perfect and exalted among and even of ever born on the surface of earth, who is, forever a torch of guidance and knowledge for the humanity. This achievement is owned to many visible and invisible people whose untiring prayers and moral support always remained with me during the time spam. It would be unfair if I don’t mention the names. Mine apologies if my brain fails to recall any name. The work presented in this manuscript was accomplished under the inspiring guidance, constructive criticism and enlightened supervision of Dr. Muhammad Yussouf Saleem, Deputy chief scientist, NIAB Faisalabad for his skillful guidance, constructive criticism, masterly advice, meticulous and stimulating discussions, invaluable suggestions and corrections and sympathetic behavior for the completion of this manuscript. It was certainly a matter of pride to work under his guidance. I feel highly privileged to take this opportunity to express my heartiest gratitude and deep sense of indebtedness to the worthy members of my Cosupervoiser, Dr Amjad Hameed, Principal Scientist NIAB, Faisalabad under whose kind and scholastic guidance, keen interest and constant encouragement. I am deeply grateful my Friends and colleagues (Wasiq Ikram, Muhmmad Bilal, Saba, Sundus Alina, Sidra and Misbah) for their support which was always there during research work and studies. I am thank My, wife Kanwal, brothers Umar and Hassan and my sister Saba, your kind support and encouragement was always there with me when I needed the most. Without your help this accomplishment would have been a distant dream. My beloved mother, you are the one whom I love from the day when I opened my eyes to the day when they will be closed. Your prayers, your sacrifices and your love guided me through every thick and thin. Mama, I am thankful to you. My father, the person who was always there to fulfill my demands and prayed for me untiringly. Papa, your selfless sacrificial life and your great efforts with pain and tears and unceasing prayers have enabled me to reach the present position in life. iii Declaration of orignality I hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis and the intellectual content of this thesis are the product of my own work. This thesis has not been previously published in any form nor does it contain any verbatim of the published resources which could be treated as infringement of the international copyright law. I also declare that I do understand the terms ‘copyright’ and ‘plagiarism,’ and that in case of any copyright violation or plagiarism found in this work, I will be held fully responsible of the consequences of any such violation. _________________ (Syed Muhmmad Waqas Gillani) 07 August, 2019 NIAB, Faisalabad. iv Copyrights Statement The entire contents of this thesis entitled Development of Heterotic Groups for Hybrid Production in Tomato by Syed M. Waqas Gillani are an intellectual property of Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS). No portion of the thesis should be reproduced without obtaining explicit permission from PIEAS. v Table of Contents Dedications ......................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................ iii Declaration of orignality ................................................................................... iv Copyrights Statement ......................................................................................... v Table of Contents .............................................................................................. vi List of Figures .................................................................................................... x List of Tables.................................................................................................... xii Abstract ........................................................................................................... xiv List of Publications and Patents ..................................................................... xvii List of Abbreviations and Symbols .............................................................. xviii Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Tomato ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Taxonomy of Tomato Plant.................................................................. 1 1.3 Climate, Fertilizer, Soil and Cultural Practices Required for Tomato Production .............................................................................................. 2 1.4 Production of Tomato Globally and in Pakistan .................................. 4 1.5 Characteristics of the Crop ................................................................... 5 1.6 Anatomy of Tomato ............................................................................. 6 1.7 Nutritional Composition of Tomato ..................................................... 8 1.8 Role of Tomato Fruit Minerals and Antioxidants in Human Health.. 10 1.9 Breeding of Cultivated Tomato with Wild Species ........................... 10 1.10 Breeding Objectives For Improments in Tomato ........................... 11 1.11 Yield ............................................................................................... 12 1.12 Disease Resistance .......................................................................... 12 vi 1.13 Insect Resistance ............................................................................. 13 1.14 Abiotic Stress Tolerance ................................................................. 15 1.15 Fruit Quality ................................................................................... 15 1.16 Hybrid Production in Tomato ......................................................... 16 1.17 Previous Studies for Estimation of Heterosis in Tomato for Improving Fruit Quality and Yield ........................................................................ 17 1.18 Molecular Confirmation of Tomato Hybrids.................................. 18 1.19 Challenges for Hybrid Production of Tomato in Pakistan ............. 19 1.20 Objectives ....................................................................................... 20 Specific Objectives ....................................................................