Hazard Identification Report 2019 Section I: Transportation Hazards Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Program Office of the Fire Marshal and Emergency Management Introduction The Hazard Report contains information profiles for hazards, including a high-level overview of possible consequences. It is divided into 10 parts; an introduction and 9 sub-sections labelled A-I as follows: A. Agriculture and Food F. Public Safety B. Environmental G. Structural C. Extraterrestrial H. Supply and Distribution D. Hazardous Materials I. Transportation E. Health Contents Transportation Hazards: Hazards relating to modes of transportation and systems of transportation Aviation ........................................................................................................................... 3 Marine ............................................................................................................................. 9 Public Transit System Disruption .................................................................................... 15 Rail, Light Rail, or Subway ............................................................................................ 20 Road and Highway Emergencies .................................................................................. 26 Hazard Identification Report 2019 – Section I Page 2 of 30 Aviation Photo Credit: Brunetti, Andrea. "Women in Aviation” May 11, 2011. Cabinet Office Photo Library. Accessed Feb 26, 2019. Aviation Go to next hazard: Marine Definition Transportation emergencies involving aircraft. Description Transportation emergencies involving aircraft may arise from the circumstances below but are not limited to: • An aircraft colliding with another aircraft in the air. • An aircraft crashing or being in imminent danger due to mechanical problems, or human error. • An aircraft crashing or being in imminent danger due to environmental hazards such as storms, high wind or wildland fires (smoke or fire). • An aircraft colliding with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) • An aircraft crashing while in the takeoff, cruising or landing phases of a flight. • An aircraft colliding with an object on the ground or at any stage during the flight. • Two or more aircraft colliding on the ground during staging or taxi operations. This hazard may also result in secondary hazards such as fires and explosions. Airports are critical infrastructure as they facilitate passenger and supply movement provincially and internationally. They are also a crucial link to remote municipalities and First Nations (especially in months without ice roads). Additionally, airports and aircraft are integral to the safety of the communities when evacuations are required, including routine evacuations due to flood and wildland fires. Thousands of airplanes fly into and out of airports every day across the province. There are 184 airports across Ontario, excluding those classified as aerodromes and Canadian Forces Bases. International airports in Ontario are located in London, Ottawa, Thunder Bay, Toronto, Hamilton and Waterloo. The Remote Northern Transportation Office in Thunder Bay operates 29 airports in Northern Ontario. 27 airports have 3,500 foot gravel runways and serve isolated aboriginal communities with no all-weather road access. The office has local staff at each airport (except Armstrong) for operations and maintenance activities with management and supervision provided from the Thunder Bay office Despite the high volume of air traffic, serious air transportation incidents involving large numbers of people are rare. However, with this ample access also comes the risk of a major air transportation emergency, primarily an aircraft crash or accident. Such incidents could additionally result in the loss of fuselage, damage to property and in the Hazard Identification Report 2019 – Section I Page 4 of 30 most extreme cases, casualties. The consequences can therefore be catastrophic and can have major impacts on the city. The threat is largely mitigated by legislation and technological improvements in aviation. According to Transport Canada’s Aviation occurrence dataset, between 2004 and 2017 the average number of aviation accidents was 70, with an average of 11 fatalities and 9 injuries annually. This is lower than the national averages of 271 accidents, 53 fatalities and 40 injuries on average.1 Canada is very safe when it comes to air travel. From January 2004 to February 2016 there were over 13,000 incidents reported to the Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Of those, only 3,469 resulted in accidents. The deadliest occurrence produced 17 fatalities. Generally speaking these incidents occurred in remote areas.2 Of the incidents logged by the Civil Aviation Daily Occurrence Reporting System (CADORS) since January 2000, only 131 were security related incidents3. Civil aviation is regulated internationally by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and domestically by Transport Canada. Both bodies create guidelines and standards. The Canadian Aviation Regulations (CAR) and Canadian Aviation Security Regulations (CASR) are the two bodies of legislation that regulate civil aviation in Canada. The Transportation Safety Board investigates incidents when they do occur and makes recommendations when appropriate. In addition, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) also develops voluntary industry standards and guidelines followed by 83% of the worlds airlines. Aviation safety is also governed by Canada's National Civil Aviation Security program, Air Cargo Security Program and a number of other statutes including the Canadian Aviation Security Regulations, 20124 and the UN conventions for the suppression of unlawful seizure of aircraft, and acts of violence at airports Serving International Civil Aviation, respectively5,6. Additionally, Canada's Public Safety Act, 2002 enhanced 1 Transport Canada, Aviation occurrence dataset 2004-2018. http://tsb- bst.gc.ca/eng/stats/aviation/data-2.asp 2 http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/aviation/index.asp 3 http://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/cadors-screaq/m.aspx 4 Transport Canada, Aviation Security, 2017. https://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/aviationsecurity/menu.htm 5 Protocol Supplementary To The Convention For The Suppression Of Unlawful Seizure Of Aircraft Done At Beijing On 10 September 2010. https://www.icao.int/secretariat/legal/List%20of%20Parties/Beijing_Prot_EN.pdf 6 Convention for the suppression of unlawful seizure of aircraft, 1970. https://treaties.un.org/doc/db/terrorism/conv2-english.pdf Hazard Identification Report 2019 – Section I Page 5 of 30 aviation security by improving the Government’s capacity to prevent terrorist attacks, protect citizens and respond quickly should a threat be identified7. Spatial Scale, Timing and Warning Period Spatial Scale: Aviation accidents are limited in geographic scope to the site of the accident. Timing: May occur at any time of the year. Warning Period: In some cases warning and even prevention of this hazard may be possible; particularly if there is a known mechanical issue or external threat with a long lead-time, such as a severe storm. Potential Impact • Injury or death. May strain the health system and response resources. • Reputational damage. • Multi-modal transport disruptions, the need for detours or re-routing. May strain transportation management resources and cause transportation delays. • The need for evacuation or shelter in place. • The need for site or area access restrictions. Secondary Hazards • Fire/Explosion • Structure failure • Ecosystem disruption • Hazardous materials incident Past Incidents There have been several past incidents occurring in or originating from Ontario: • Toronto 2005: on August 2, 2005, Air France flight 358 attempted to land in poor conditions and slid off the runway at Toronto Pearson Airport. The aircraft suffered damage when it entered a ravine and was subsequently destroyed by fire. There was no loss of life, but 43 people were injured. • Toronto 1995: In 1995 an aviation accident occurred when a Nimrod aircraft crashed in Lake Ontario during the annual airshow at the Canadian National 7 Government of Canada News Archive. Government of Canada Introduces Improved Public Safety Act, 2002. https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2002/10/government-canada- introduces-improved-public-safety-act-2002.html Hazard Identification Report 2019 – Section I Page 6 of 30 Exhibition. This prompted a response from emergency services. A crash in a more populated area or at the CNE itself could have produced a significant emergency, but damage from this incident was limited as the plane landed in the water. • Dryden 1989: Air Ontario Flight 1363 was a scheduled Air Ontario passenger flight which crashed near Dryden, Ontario, on 10 March 1989 shortly after takeoff from Dryden Regional Airport. The aircraft was a Fokker F28-1000 Fellowship twin jet. • North Atlantic 1985: Explosion, likely from a terrorist bomb, of Air India Flight 182 from Toronto on 23 June 1985. The plane crashed into the North Atlantic off the coast of Ireland, killing all 329 on board, including 280 Canadians. The incident resulted in major increases in airport security. • Toronto 1970: Air Canada Flight 621 crash near Toronto Pearson International Airport, took place on July 5, 1970, when an Air Canada Douglas DC-8, registered as CF-TIW, was attempting to land. It was flying on a Montreal– Toronto–Los Angeles route. All 100 passengers and 9 crew on board were killed. There have also been a