SUBCOURSE EDITION EN5156 B CARPENTRY II CARPENTRY II Subcourse EN5156 EDITION B United States Army Engineer School Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri 65473 6 Credit Hours Edition Date: November 1995 SUBCOURSE OVERVIEW Carpentry is the art or science of measuring, cutting, fitting, and assembling wood and other materials to construct buildings or other structures. Many people associate carpenters with wood and other building materials and tools. They assume carpenters build only homes and other relatively small structures. Of course, this is not true. Carpenters work not only with wood but also with metals, plastic, and other synthetic materials. The carpentry trade includes skills required to construct buildings, bridges, docks, and wharf. Work must be accomplished in a manner consistent with environmental laws and regulations There are no prerequisites for this subcourse. This subcourse reflects current doctrine when this subcourse was prepared. In your own work, always refer to the latest publications. Unless otherwise stated, the masculine gender of singular pronouns is used to refer to both men and women. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE: The Carpentry II subcourse, (Carpentry/Masonry Specialist, Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) 51B, Skill Levels 1 and 2), will provide you with enough knowledge to construct floor systems, stairs, wall systems (including the installation of windows and door), and roof systems of wooden structures. This subcourse is presented in three lessons. At the end of these lessons, you will be able to take a set of construction drawings and construct a wood-frame building ACTION: You will describe the construction of floor, wall, stair, and roof systems and the installation of doors and windows. i EN5156 CONDITION: You will be given the material in this subcourse and an Army Correspondence Course Program (ACCP) examination response sheet. STANDARD: To demonstrate competency of this task, you must achieve a minimum of 70 percent on this subcourse. EN5156 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page Subcourse Overview.......................................................................................................................................i Lesson 1: Floor Construction...................................................................................................................1-1 Part A: Floor Framing..................................................................................................................1-1 Part B: Subflooring.....................................................................................................................1-16 Part C: Finish Flooring...............................................................................................................1-18 Practice Exercise..........................................................................................................................1-23 Answer Key and Feedback..........................................................................................................1-26 Lesson 2: Wall-System and Stairway Construction..................................................................................2-1 Part A: Framing Members...........................................................................................................2-1 Part B: Wall Sheathing...............................................................................................................2-14 Part C: Moldings........................................................................................................................2-24 Part D: Stairs .............................................................................................................................2-26 Practice Exercise .........................................................................................................................2-31 Answer Key and Feedback .........................................................................................................2-34 Lesson 3: Roof Construction...................................................................................................................3-1 Part A: Roof Types .....................................................................................................................3-1 Part B: Framing Members ...........................................................................................................3-3 Part C: Roof-Covering Material ................................................................................................3-26 Practice Exercise .........................................................................................................................3-31 Answer Key and Feedback .........................................................................................................3-34 iii EN5156 Section Page Appendix A - List of Acronyms ..............................................................................................................A-1 Appendix B - Recommended Reading List .............................................................................................B-1 EN5156 iv LESSON 1 FLOOR CONSTRUCTION Critical Task: 051-236-1141 OVERVIEW LESSON DESCRIPTION: In this lesson you will learn how to perform one task-construct a floor. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE: ACTION: You will describe the construction of a floor system. CONDITION: You will be given the material contained in this lesson. STANDARD: You will correctly answer the practice exercise questions at the end of this lesson. REFERENCES: The material contained in this lesson was derived from FM 5-426. INTRODUCTION After the foundation is in place, you are ready to start constructing the framework for the floor system. PART A - FLOOR FRAMING 1-1. Types of Sills. Sills are the horizontal timbers of a building which either rest up the masonry foundations or, in the absence of such, form the foundations. The sill is the foundation that supports all of the building above it. It is the first part of the building to be set in place and rest directly on the foundation, posts, or the ground. Sills are joined at the corners and spliced when necessary. The type of sill used depends on the type of construction used in the frame. a. Box Sills. Figure 1-1, page 1-2, shows box sills. Box sills are often used with the common style of platform framing (either with or without a sill plate). With this type of ill, the part that lies on the foundation wall or ground is called the sill plate. The sill is laid edgewise on the outside edge of the sill plate. 1-1 EN5156 Figure 1-1. Box sills b. T-Sills. There are two types of T-sill construction-sills commonly used in dry, warm climates (see Figure 1-2) and sills used in colder climates (see Figure 1-3). Although these T-sill constructions are similar, notice that in Figure 1-2 the joists are nailed to the studs and sole plates. In Figure 1-3 the joists are nailed to the studs and sills and headers are used between the floor joists. Figure 1-2. Dry-climate T-sill EN5156 1-2 Figure 1-3. Cold-climate T-sill c. Built-Up Sills. Joints are stagger where built-up sills are used. Notice in Figure 1-4 how the built-up sill corner joints are made. Heavier sills are used if posts are used in the foundation. Sills are single heavy timbers or built-up of two or more pieces of timber (see Figure 1-5, page 1-4). Where heavy timbers are used, the joints should be placed over the post (see Figure 1-6, page 1-4). Figure 1-4. Built-up sills 1-3 EN5156 Figure 1-5. Braced framing Figure 1-6. Heavy timber sill sill 1-2. Types of Girders. A girder is a large horizontal member used to support joists or beams. A girder is made of several beams nailed together with 16d (sixteen penny) common nails, solid wood, steel, reinforced concrete, or a combination of these materials. Girders carry a very large proportion of the weight of a building. They must be well-designed, rigid, and properly supported at the foundation walls and on the columns. Girders must be installed so that they support the joists properly. The ends of the wood girders should be at least 4 inches on the posts. a. Built-up Girder. The built-up girder is commonly used in house construction. It is generally made of three boards nailed together with 16d common nails. Figure 1-7 shows a built-up girder, walls, joists, and columns. • A shows two outside masonry walls. • B shows the built-up girder. • C shows the floor joists. • D shows the support columns that support the girder. Figure 1-7. Built-up girder EN5156 1-4 b. Girder with Ledger Board. Use a girder with a ledger board when vertical space is limited and where more headroom is needed (see Figure 1-8). Figure 1-8. Girder with ledger board c. Joist Hangers. A girder with joist hangers is used where there is little headroom or where the joists must carry an extremely heavy load (see Figure 1-9). Figure 1-9. Joist hangers 1-3. Girder Size Requirement. A girder should be large enough to support the load. The carpenter should understand the effect of length, width, and depth of the wood girder. The principles which govern the size of a girder are-- • The distance between girder posts. • The girder load area. • The total floor load per square foot on the girder. 1-5 EN5156 • The load per linear foot on the girder. • The total load on the girder. • The material to be used. 1-4. Depth. When the depth of a girder is doubled, the safe load is increased four times. For example, a girder that is 3 inches wide and 12 inches deep will carry four times as much weight as a girder