The Caesars I. Augustus (30 BC–AD 14) Roman Rule A. Defeats Anthony (Actium, 31 BC) B. Accumulates power •Caesars C. Reorganizes government (27 BC) 1. Province system (imperial, senatorial) 2. Roman army, taxation •Herods D.Birth of Jesus (6–4 BC) E. Contributions to Christianity •Flavians 1. Pax Romana 2. Roman roads •Golden Age 3. Religious toleration 4. Governmental stability Roman Rule: Caesars The Caesars The Caesars II. Tiberius (14–37)—Jesus' ministry (Lk. 3:1) V. Nero (54–68) III. Caligula (37–41) A. Early Reign (54–59): good, wise advisors A. Herod Agrippa I (37–44) B. Later Reign (59–68): bad, rejected adv. 1. Philip's territory (37) 1. Fire of Rome (July 19, AD 64) 2. Antipas's territory (39) 2. Jewish rebellion (66–70) B. Temple episode (first hints of e. worship) C. "Nero redivivus" myth IV. Claudius (41–54) 1. Suicide (68), but rumors of return A. Herod Agrippa I (37–44) 2. Entered apocalyptic traditions 1. Judea (41) VI. Civil War (68–69): Galba, Otho, Vitellius 2. Death (44) = 2nd Procuratorship B. Edict of Claudius (49) Roman Rule: Caesars Roman Rule: Caesars The Caesars–Contributions: (1) Benefits of Roman empire Roman Rule (2) Beginnings of Christianity •Caesars (3) Beginnings of emperor worship •Herods (4) Advancement of the Herods •Flavians (5) First Jewish War (66–70) •Golden Age Roman Rule: Caesars Herod's Third Will Herod the Great Herod's (37–4 BC) Kingdom: 1. Philip Archelaus Philip Herod Antipas (4 BC–AD 6) (4 BC–AD 34) (4 BC–AD 39) 2. Antipas ethnarch tetrarch tetrarch 3. Archelaus 1. Idumea 4. Northern 5. Galilee 2. Judea Transjordan 6. Perea 3. Samaria 1. AD 6—Archelaus banished to Gaul by Augustus 2. AD 34—Philip dies in office 3. AD 39—Antipas banished to Gaul by Caligula Roman Rule: Herods Roman Rule: Herods Herod's Family (NT) The Herods Herod the Great = Mariamne (see below for I. Herod's Sons (3rd Will) * two other of Herod's wives) A. Archelaus (4 BC–AD 6) Aristobulus III = Bernice Alexander 1. Ethnarch (Judea, Samaria, Idumea) = Herod Antipas 2. Power hungry (Joseph and Mary back Herod Agrippa I Herodias = Herod (Philip) to Nazareth, Mt. 2:22–23) (HG=Mariamne II) 3. Exiled to Gaul by Augustus (AD 6) Philip = Salome 4. First Procuratorship (6–41): Pontius Pilate (fifth, AD 26–36) Herod Agrippa II Bernice Drusilla = Felix B. Philip (4BC–AD 34) HG = Cleopatra HG = Malthace 1. Tetrarch (Northern Transjordan) * 2. Capable ruler Philip (Tetrarch) Archelaus Her. Antipas 3. Died AD 34, territory to Syria briefly Roman Rule: Herods Roman Rule: Herods The Herods The Herods I. Herod's Sons (3rd Will) II. Later Herods C. Herod Antipas (4 BC–39 AD) A. Herod Agrippa I (37–44) 1. Tetrarch (Galilee, Perea) 1. Educated in Rome (with Caligula) 2. Capable ruler, prosperous region 2. King over Philip's territories (37) 3. Mixed population, Jewish religion 3. Caligula's Temple episode 4. Divorce, remarriage to Herodias 4. King over Antipas's territories (39) 5. John the Baptist's opposition and 5. King over Judea, Samaria (41) death (Mk. 6:17–29) 6. Persecution of Christians (Acts 12) 6. Jesus' ministry and death (Lk. 23:6– 7. Dies unexpectedly at Caesarea 12) 8. Bernice, Drusilla, Agrippa II 7. Herodias's envy over Agrippa I 9. Second Procuratorship (44–66) 8. Exiled to Gaul by Caligula (39) Roman Rule: Herods Roman Rule: Herods The Herods The Herods II. Later Herods III. The First Jewish War (66–70) B. Herod Agrippa II (50–100) A. Seven Procurators (44–66) 1. Steady rise to power (Chalcis; 1. Increasing terror, tumult Philip's territories and Abilene; 2. Felix (52–60: Paul's defense, Acts 24) Tiberias, Tarichaea and villages) 3. Festus (60–62: Paul's appeal, Acts 25) 2. Paul's defense in Caesarea (c. 60) 4. Death of James, Jesus' brother 3. Loyalty to Rome during war gains 5. Nero's extravagances, excessive him more territories after war taxes, exorbitant interest, corruption, 4. Promotion to praetorian rank (75) assassinations, Jewish desperation 5. Consulted by Josephus (Jewish War) 6. Church abandons Jerusalem 6. Died ca. 100: "last of the Herods" 7. Palestinian Christianity disappears 8. War finally breaks out in AD 66 Roman Rule: Herods Roman Rule: Herods The Herods The Herods III. The First Jewish War (66–70) III. The First Jewish War (66–70) B. Josephus's Account D. War's Consequences 1. Led by aristocrats, Zealots 1. Palestine depopulated 2. Josephus commanded Galilee 2. Political status lost 3. Vespasian's steady conquest 3. Roman colonies established C. Jerusalem's Fall (AD 70) 4. Sanhedrin vanishes 1. Upper City (Simon & aristocrats) 5. High priesthood vanishes 2. Temple (Menahem, John & Zealots) 6. Sacrificial system vanishes 3. Vespasian to Rome (Civil War) 7. Jewish sects vanish, except Pharisees 4. Titus destroys temple (AD 70; cf. Lk. 8. Jewish upper class goes pro-Roman 21:20–24) 9. Diaspora Judaism survives 5. Masada remnant (John & Zealots) 10. Zealots survive (two more revolts) Roman Rule: Herods Roman Rule: Herods The Herods–Contributions: (1) Jewish rulers of NT period Roman Rule (2) Two procuratorships •Caesars (3) Background for Paul's defense •Herodians (4) Christian persecutions (5) First Jewish War (66–70) •Flavians •Golden Age Roman Rule: Herods The Flavians The Flavians I. Vespasian (69–79) III. Domitian (81–96) A. Political consolidation A. Increasing persecution 1. Ended Roman civil war 1. Religious trials (93–95) 2. Dynastic reoganization 2. Pretentious titles ("Lord and God") B. Jews in Rome: Bernice, Agrippa II, 3. Emperor worship (Asia Minor) Josephus 4. Evidence: 1 Clement, Pliny's Letter to II. Titus (79–81) Trajan, Ignatius, Hegesippus A. Stable reign B. Setting for Revelation B. Notable events 1. Eruption of Mount Vesuvius 2. Colisseum grand opening Roman Rule: Flavians Roman Rule: Flavians The Flavians–Contributions: (1) Ended civil war Roman Rule (2) New Roman dynasty •Caesars (3) Post-war Jewish life in Rome •Herodians (4) Emperor worship in provinces (5) Christian persecution •Flavians •Golden Age Roman Rule: Flavians The Golden Age I. Nerva (96–98) II. Trajan (98–117) Pliny of Bithynia A. Vigorously promoted emperor cult B. Persecution of Christians 1. Pliny in Bithynia of Asia Minor 2. Hadrian in Syria: Ignatius of Antioch III. Hadrian (117–138) A. Continued persecution (criminal) B. Second Jewish War (132–35) Ignatius of Antioch 1. Revolt by Simon bar Kochba 2. Flames of messianism burn out Roman Rule: Golden Age Roman Rule: Golden Age Golden Age–Contributions: (1) Promotion of emperor cult (2) Christianity as criminal (3) Beginnings of martyr period (4) Second Jewish War (5) End of messianic movements Roman Rule: Golden Age.