Eucharist and Human Liberation Tissa Balasuriya OMI Quest Series 50 Published by the Centre for Society and Religion 281, Deans Road, Colombo 10 Sri Lanka July 1977 1 FOREWORD It is with a certain sense of pride that I introduce this second book of Fr. Balasuriya to the general public. I have always bemoaned the fact that Asia, after so many years of Christianity has not produced any significant theological writing. This book can, without exaggeration, be said to contain the theological reflections of an Asian theologian. It is a faith reflection of a priest, on one of the most sacred and essential functions of the priest – the celebration of the Eucharist. The Asian Faith experience is a unique and a complex one different from the Latin American or the African experience though there may be some elements in common. The Author tries to make articulate this experience out of a sheer loyalty to the Universal Church. He tries to portray to us what the Eucharist should be in the light of Scripture and tradition. He therefore takes a long and close look at what it has been until now and argues that this most liberative act has been so domesticated by a Socio- Economic system that it now enslaves and domesticates its participants. He is also extremely sensitive to the longings and searchings of committed priests to make the Eucharist meaningful to themselves and to society. It is a happy coincidence that the Author has decided to publish these reflections on the 25th Anniversary of his Ordination to the priesthood, which falls on the 6th of July 1977. He writes with a deep concern for and a love of the priesthood and the Eucharist whilst at the same time calling for new thinking on 'the meaning of these realities today. Leo Nanayakkara OSB Bishop of Badulla, Sri Lanka. 23. 6. 77 2 PREFACE The Eucharist presents us a paradox. Jesus gave a challenging spiritual meaning to the festive meal of the Jews commemorating their liberation from slavery in Egypt. In bequeathing this to the community of his followers Jesus manifested his genius as a spiritual leader of humanity. For two thousand years the churches have continued to celebrate the Eucharist in his memory The Mass has been, and is, offered under diverse situations. Hundreds of millions all over the world meet every Sunday, year after year. Millions of men, women and children have drawn personal inspiration through the centuries from Mass and from prayer to Jesus present in the tabernacles the world over. On the other hand, Christians have divided themselves into different sects partly on their views concerning the Eucharist. Wars of religion have marred the history of the followers of Jesus. But even more tragic is the way in which the Eucharist has been domesticated within the dominant social establishments of the day. Its radical demands have been largely neutralized. Its cutting edge has been blunted. Worse still it has been and is being used as a legitimation of cruel exploitation. Many have given up frequenting the Sunday Mass specially in the Western countries. The working classes feel alienated from it and by it. An agonizing question presents itself to our minds. Why is it that in spite of hundreds of thousands of daily and weekly Masses, the Christians continue as selfish as before? Why have the “Christian” Mass-going peoples been the most cruel colonizers of human history? Why is the gap of income, wealth, knowledge and power growing in the world today – and that in favour of the “Christian” peoples? Why is it that persons and people who proclaim Eucharistic love and sharing deprive the poor people of the world of food, capital, employment and even land? Why do they prefer cigarettes and liquor to food and drink for the one third of humanity that goes hungry to bed each night? Why are cars, cosmetics, pet dogs, horses and bombs preferred to human children? Why mass human sterilization in poor countries and affluence unto disease and pollution of nature among the rich? Father Peter Pillai, an ardent apostle of social justice in Sri Lanka, often mentioned with a sense of uneasiness, that in Sri Lanka some of the worst slums are in areas inhabited by Catholics. He spoke of Mutwal in Colombo and Munnakkara in Negombo. Here tens of thousands live in terrible squalor and misery in the shadow of monumental churches. Over hundred thousand Masses have been celebrated in these places over the decades. Yet inequalities grow. The rich live comfortably like Dives in the Gospel story. The poor eke out a miserable existence in their hovels. And now the luxurious tourist hotels add further contrasts to this sorrowful environment. The Churches have spoken during the last two decades of identification with the poor but how minimal have been the changes in the Churches as a whole! All the same, the deep social commitment of some Christian groups is often inspired by a more meaningful celebration of the Eucharist. This is generally in small groups, among youth, workers, women, religious, priests etc. They are, not infrequently, marginalized by the official church authorities. Eucharistic life pulsates among them. But the official Church authorities tend to look askance at them, consider 3 them “rebels” and, in any case, persons who do not know or value the “spiritual life”. One asks, has the dynamism flowing from the Lord’s supper and his final sacrifice been suffocated by ritual, formalism and conformity to a prevailing power system? Yet, when well celebrated we have a glimpse of the tremendous potential for human motivation in the Eucharist. This is a source of hope. The lethargy and non-challance of the powerful official controllers of the Eucharistic rites leads one to near despair concerning the possibility of the Churches as a whole responding meaningfully to the demands of humanity today. Yet are not the Churches and religions one of the few hopes for the exploited poor of the world today? This book is the 50th issue of the Quest series begun in 1966. It is a sequel to “Jesus Christ and Human Liberation” published last year by this Centre. It tries to grapple with some of the above sad paradoxes. This book is meant to stimulate fun her reflection. Many of its sections need much further study and investigation. It is not presented as an exhaustive or all inclusive work. Many concerns of traditional treatises on the Eucharist are not discussed here. This is an effort to contribute in some small way to the ongoing reflection on the Eucharist in relation to the life of human beings today. I hope it will help towards a better understanding of the spiritual life itself. I will be glad to receive any comments. I would not be surprised if there are strong reactions to it. To some this book itself may seem a paradox! Perhaps it is through the agony of giving these tensions and articulating them together that we can go towards a theology more true to Jesus and more close to the griefs and sorrows and the hopes and aspirations of the men, women and children of our age. Tissa Balasuriya OMI Centre for Society and Religion 281, Deans Road Colombo 10, Sri Lanka 6th July 1977 1 CONTENTS Foreword by Bishop Leo Nanayakkara OSB Preface Chapter I Eucharist is Central to the Christian Community 1-6 II The Old Testament Background 7-11 God’s Covenant – Moses and Aaron God’s judgment on irrelevant sacrifices III Jesus, The Eucharist and Human Liberation 12-15 Cleansing of the Temple The Prayer of Jesus IV The Cult of the Eucharist over the Centuries 16-27 The Early Christian and the Fathers Clericalization of the Mass Sharing Neglected Eucharist, Capitalism and Colonialism V Eucharist in Contemporary Society 28-40 1. The Quest for Personal Meaning 2. The Search for Community 3. The Liberation of Women Jesus and Women 4. The Eucharist and Oppressed Peoples Liberation of the Eucharist VI Youth and the Eucharist 41-49 1. The Values which Youth Seek 2. Some Characteristics of Asian Youth 3. Inadequacy of Church’s Response VII Eucharist and Socialism 50-60 1. Common Roots Eucharistic Ideal and Marx’s Vision 2. Real World Paradoxes 3. An Inescapable Encounter Eucharist in Socialist Countries In Sri Lanka VIII Eucharist in Sri Lanka Over the Centuries 61-72 1. In Portuguese times 1505 – 1656 2. In Dutch times 1656 – 1796 3. In British times 1796 – 1948 2 4. Since Independence 1948 – IX Eucharist and the Dilemma of Priests 73-79 Self questioning by priests Clash of Institution and Conscience Dilemma of the Church The End of the Clerical Church? X Renewal of the Eucharist and Human Aspirations 80-91 1. Some current trends 2. Deeper orientation required 3. The Anthropological dimension in worship New Themes An Action oriented liturgy 4. Eucharist and a new world order XI Liturgy, Cultures and Religions 92-104 1. Liturgy and Cultures 2. Liturgy and the other Religions of Asia (a) Attitude towards other Religions (b) Acceptance of the Values of other Religions Some spiritual values of Vesak (c) Rites and symbolism of other Religions (d) Acceptance of the Sacred writings of Asia (e) Respect for the spiritual leaders of Asia (f) Inter-religious action – reflection (g) Appreciating Mystical Experience (h) A foretaste of the heavenly liturgy XII The Radical Mystique of the “Our Father” 105-108 1 Chapter I EUCHARIST IS CENTRAL TO THE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY “Do this in commemoration of me”. Jesus gave this mandate to his apostles at the last supper.