1 TAK til Realdania for det afgørende økonomiske bidrag til gennemførelsen af projektet og tak også til Dansk Erhverv, særligt min vejleder Niels Milling, for samarbejdet, der gjorde denne ErhvervsPhD-afhandling mulig. 2 Indholdsfortegnelse Indledning ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Problemformulering ........................................................................................................................ 10 Motivation ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Bidrag .............................................................................................................................................. 16 Tværsnittet som tilgang ................................................................................................................... 17 Teori og metode .............................................................................................................................. 18 Struktur............................................................................................................................................ 20 Første del ......................................................................................................................................... 20 Anden del ........................................................................................................................................ 23 FØRSTE DEL ..................................................................................................................................... 26 1. kapitel: Relationel kompleksitet...................................................................................................... 26 Hvad er en levende by? ................................................................................................................... 26 Komplikation og afkompleksificering ............................................................................................ 30 Makrorelationalitet: Fra verden til verdensbyen ............................................................................. 33 Mikrorelationalitet: Socialitet og didaktik ...................................................................................... 39 På gaden: Nærhed og anonymitet ................................................................................................... 39 I butikken: Menneskesyn og didaktik ............................................................................................. 42 Byens ”magiske” muligheder og tiden som afgørende parameter .................................................. 45 2. kapitel: Stederne og sanserne .......................................................................................................... 50 Betydningen af gode steder ............................................................................................................. 51 Miljøpsykologiske erfaringer .......................................................................................................... 53 Urbane erfaringer ............................................................................................................................ 55 To tilgange til omverdenen ............................................................................................................. 58 Taktisk taktilitet .............................................................................................................................. 60 Sansernes egenskaber ...................................................................................................................... 66 De rumlige og arkitektoniske konsekvenser ................................................................................... 69 Akademisk kritik af den visuelle kultur .......................................................................................... 72 3. kapitel: Byens udvikling i et sanseligt perspektiv ........................................................................... 76 3 Middelalderbyens sanselighed ........................................................................................................ 77 Den moderne bys sanselighed ......................................................................................................... 79 Fokus på hygiejne ........................................................................................................................... 81 Fra organisk udvikling til planlægning ........................................................................................... 83 Iscenesættelse 1: Om forholdet mellem byen og kunsten ............................................................... 85 Iscenesættelse 2: Om forholdet mellem butikken og kunsten ......................................................... 88 4. kapitel: Tiden, tempoet og shoppingkulturen ................................................................................. 92 Nyhedsværdien og bevægelsen som essentielle kvaliteter ............................................................. 92 Selvbetjeningen og den tavse sælger .............................................................................................. 95 Begejstring og kritik........................................................................................................................ 97 Paradoksernes tid ............................................................................................................................ 99 Shopping som god og dårlig oplevelse ......................................................................................... 102 Shopping og frihed ........................................................................................................................ 105 Oplevelsesøkonomien ................................................................................................................... 107 En alternativ hedonisme og behovet for langsomhed ................................................................... 111 Città Slow ...................................................................................................................................... 113 ANDEN DEL .................................................................................................................................... 116 Opsummering og indledning til anden del .................................................................................... 116 1. kapitel: Markedet .......................................................................................................................... 122 Djema el’Fna ................................................................................................................................. 124 Den syriske suq ............................................................................................................................. 126 Et historisk blik på Københavns torvehandel ............................................................................... 129 København i dag ........................................................................................................................... 132 - Jægersborggade og Nørrebrogade .............................................................................................. 133 - Torvehaller på Israels Plads ........................................................................................................ 134 Markedets økonomiske, sociokulturelle og sundhedsmæssige fordele ........................................ 136 Chiavari, Italien ............................................................................................................................. 140 Byen .............................................................................................................................................. 140 Butiksgaderne................................................................................................................................ 142 Markedet ....................................................................................................................................... 143 4 Mobilitet og transformation .......................................................................................................... 145 Markeder i Barcelona .................................................................................................................... 147 Konkluderende bemærkninger ...................................................................................................... 149 2. kapitel: Butiksgaden ...................................................................................................................... 153 Sikkerhed ...................................................................................................................................... 153 Skala .............................................................................................................................................. 155 Gadens sammenbindere ................................................................................................................ 156 Elementerne ind i byen ................................................................................................................. 159 Orden og kaos ..............................................................................................................................