INVESTIGATORS' ANNUAL REPORTS 2003 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK YCR-IAR-2004-02 T North 01 10 Kilometers 01 10 Miles S To Livingston t i l l w a t e A r B GALLATIN GALLATIN NATIONAL FOREST R S i 89 v A e r NATIONAL Jardine R O H Gardiner O U G FOREST e Hellroaring L A K a l E B l l A Cooke r la Mountain F T u o A F t A f a i f City n L U a Silver 212 r P i B k n l North Entrance o e Gate g e r C C MONTANA MONTANA r llowst o e n e h Mammoth Hot Springs Y G e e g Northeast WYOMING WYOMING u k A o l Mount Everts S Entrance L L Phantom A R River R i Undine Lake T v Slough Creek I GALLATIN e Falls A Pebble Creek N R r Tower- N To BLACKTAIL DEER R Bunsen NATIONAL E E Roosevelt Red Lodge Peak PLATEAU G N L Wraith Yellowstone r D O e Falls E FOREST R H Petrified Tree Association n L A d L k a R r A Institute e G a M m e A Tower Fall r G S A a C The N P R r Sheepeater Cliff E Thunderer k e G Tower C t e Indian Creek I t M V u e E A B r Fall L C E k L a e N E L re Y od SHOSHONE S a C e v er R h a c w I o D a T C C G re R e r k E iv NATIONAL Road closed from e e MONTANA Mount Holmes WYOMING Obsidian Cliff v r mid-October i R to mid-June Mount Grizzly 191 Washburn FOREST Lake M I R 287 Observation R Roaring Mountain Peak Dunraven O e R Twin Pass n Mi o lle Lakes t r s P L eek L Cr w a 191 Norris Canyon Village o A ll T m 287 Geyser Basin e E Y A a M U r Inspiration Point A Saddle D I SO Steamboat Artist Point Mountain N R Geyser i V Lower Falls v A Norris e r Upper Falls LL Monument Virginia r EY Geyser Basin e v Cascade i R Y M e Pollux U 20 adison R l Pelican ive Madison lo Peak A r H w White Cone Gibbon A E Y Gibbon Falls D st Lake West Entrance T EN o V n Mt Haynes A ALL e Sulphur Caldron EY Firehole Falls L West F P Pyramid Peak i Mud Volcano r Yellowstone e R h i Y o v E l e L L e YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK r A V R L PELICAN A Fishing Bridge LOWER GEYSER BASIN Fountain Paint Pot R Lake Village T WYOMING N Turbid Lake Great Fountain Geyser E East Entrance C M Bridge Bay A Lake Butte Biscuit Basin Midway Geyser Basin M D O Mystic Sylvan N I D YELLOWSTONE T S UPPER i AN Falls Continental vid Lake ID A O GEYSER e Sylvan AH BASIN LAKE O N Pass Maximum depth 14 To Cody Grizzly Peak Eleanor 16 Old Faithful 400ft Lake 20 Black Sand Basin WEST 122m Kepler Craig THUMB Cascades Pass Frank P r West Thumb Mount L e Island Langford A iv Geyser Basin R T A E A le SHOSHONE o B U Y IDAHO h e S e k R a O r L Grant Village S NATIONAL O WYOMING i F U T A e Mtn A n N P ho lat T Mount s F O FOREST P o Co H Sh nt R M Schurz R in e O n O O t R X a TARGHEE l P I A M D K Eagle Peak R E A iv NATIONAL M 11358ft i H Ye T Lewis d l A T l Lewis Lake o 3462m E e w Lake FOREST C (highest point A s t Table in the park) L RED o r D r n Mountain e E MOUNTAINS C R Lewis Falls Heart e C v A i A Lake R B S O C U Mount N BRIDGER-TETON A DA e C R s D PITCHSTONE PLATEAU Y Sheridan Overlook h u i E p Mountain o m r NATIONAL FOREST u G n r e k l Ouzel Falls L h C e c O w T e R N i H B s E E R C re ek Union Falls R T R i S v n ID e a k E r e N South Entrance Mount R T R Hancock iv e r A Cave Falls N ad G Ro e k a E L y r Flagg Ranch s e s v r a i Rive r JOHN D. s R ll G a ROCKEFELLER, BRIDGER-TETON NATIONAL FOREST F e JR. MEMORIAL k 89 WYOMING PARKWAY a n IDAHO S 191 GRAND TETON 287 NATIONAL PARK To Jackson YELLOWSTONE CENTER FOR RESOURCES P.O. BOX 168 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, WYOMING 82190 Suggested citation: [Author]. 2004. [Title], in Investigators' Annual Reports 2003. National Park Service, Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming, YCR-IAR-2004-02. The National Park Service thanks the researchers who have contributed to our knowledge and under- standing of Yellowstone. This report was compiled and edited by Alice Wondrak Biel and Christie Hendrix. FOREWORD Since the dawn of scientific wondering, human inquiry has led to the exploration, and often alter ation, of almost everything in our world, at every scale—from the landscape of the moon to the human genome. In the national parks, however, through varying definitions and to varying degrees of success, the National Park Service has attempted to “preserve natural conditions” for the past 130 years. Their long-term preservation of natural resources makes parks reservoirs of information of great value to humanity. Today more than ever before, America’s national parks are viewed as more than pleasuring grounds and nature preserves. In addition to using science as a means to improve park management, parks are centers for broad scientific research and inquiry. There are 173 IARs in this year’s Investigators’ Annual Reports, which for the first time is divided into two parts for ease of reference. For easier reference, projects related to Yellowstone’s geothermal environment comprise part I, while part II is devoted to research on the park’s terrestrial environment. As has been typical in recent years, the largest sections are Microbiology (32 reports) and Ecology (25 reports). Principal and co-investigators listed in the 2003 index number some 496 people. This report should not be seen as the body of that knowledge, but rather as its skeleton. Contact information is provided so that readers may learn more about the projects and results described here. Project findings are also available on the NPS website <https://science1.nature.nps.gov/research/ac/ ResearchIndex >. All persons who wish to conduct their own research in Yellowstone are required to apply for a per mit. Information on permitting procedures is available from the Research Permitting Office, Yellowstone Center for Resources, P.O. Box 168, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190, or at <http://www.nps.gov/ yell/technical/researchpermits/index.htm>. CONTENTS Pf I. G E G E .........................................................................................6 C/H M ....................................................................7 G ..................................................................................................................9 G/S ..............................................................................................19 G ......................................................................................................22 G/V ........................................................................................25 I ...............................................................................................................40 M ................................................................................................................41 P ...............................................................................................................67 Vjljyf .....................................................................................................................70 Vn ...........................................................................................................................71 Pf II. Tjwwjxywnf E A Q ...................................................................................................................73 A ..................................................................................................................76 E .........................................................................................................................79 E S .............................................................................................................102 F ................................................................................................................................107 F ................................................................................................................................112 G ..............................................................................................................116 G/G I S ...................................................118 G .........................................................................................................121 H ...............................................................................................................123 Ify ...........................................................................................................126 I .............................................................................................................128 N R M ............................................................................130 O ...............................................................................................................133 P ..............................................................................................................135 Vjljyf ...................................................................................................................142 Wf R .......................................................................................................149 W .......................................................................................................................153 I I ...........................................................................................171 P I G E PART I. GEOTHERMAL ENVIRONMENT 6 2003 Investigators’ Annual Reports Cfrnsfsyx CONTAMINANTS/HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Project title: Microbial Cleaning of Engine Parts Investigation Principal investigator: Dr. Leah Matheson Phone: 406-494-7168 e-mail: [email protected] Address: 200 Technology Way, Butte, MT 59701 Report number: 26149 Co-investigators: Timothy McDermott Purpose: To develop thermophilic microbial culture that is able to digest carbonized, charred engine-oil residue clogging turbine