2/16/12 Roman Expansion and Imperialism Northern Italy: Gauls and nave tribes 218-129 BC • West (Carthage; Spain; Northern Italy) and • Cisalpine Gaul– “Gaul on this side of Alps” HellenisEc Kingdoms of the East (in Greece and • Fought Gallic tribes, esp. Boii (both before and Asia): aer Hannibal) • Take Home Messages? • RomaniZaon, large-scale coloniZaon, roads – New imperialism: larger-scale & new moEves – PlacenEa + Bologna – Rise of individualisEc, super-imperialist • Cisalpine Gaul becomes Italia Transpadana generals • Ligurians (NW Italy) also conQuered in 2nd – Strain of what to do with conQuered territory century – Phalanx out dated: Roman Legion unbeatable Spain Eastern Mediterranean: HellenisEc Kingdoms • Strategy + Retaliaon + Silver (aer Alexander) • 2 provinces: Citerior and Ulterior Spain • War, guerrilla warfare, down to 133 BC • 151 L. Licinius Lucullus and the Vaccaei • 150 Sulpicius Galba and Lusitanians • Viriathus: Lusitanian hero • NumanEa, besieged by Rome for 9 years unEl completely destroyed in 133 by P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus 1 2/16/12 Key Players: • King Philip V of Macedon: AnEgonid • King AnEochus III (the Great) of Syria: Seleucid • Two Greek Leagues: Achaean and Aetolian • Titus Quincus Flamininus (Roman consul 198) • The Scipios: Scipio Africanus and his brother • King Perseus of Macedon (son of Philip) AnEgonid Empire (Macedonia) Ind. States (inc. Acalids: Pergamum) • King Eumenes II of Pergamum (Acalid) Seleucid Empire (Syria) Ptolemaic Empire (Egypt) • Lucius Aemilius Paullus (Roman consul 168) Into Greece • Phillip V of Macedon 2 Illyrian wars 229-8 and 219 = pirates – But presence of Romans so far East bothers Macedon – Philip V of Macedon allies with Hannibal aer Cannae • Phase 1: Dominaon • 214-205 = 1st Macedonian “war” – Rome makes alliances with Aetolian league and Pergamum – Whole point just to keep Macedon from helping Hannibal An8ochus III of Syria – Two effects: account to secle + allies in area 2 2/16/12 2nd Macedonian war 200-196 Phase 2: Destabilizaon • Philip V + AnEochus III vs. Rome + Aetolian league • Philip’s son Perseus now Macedonian King • 197: decisive Bale of Cynoscephalae in Thessaly • War breaks out: 3rd Macedonian war 172-67 – consul: T. Quincus Flamininus • Decisive Bale of Pydna 168 – Two key aspects: • Consul: L. Aemilius Paullus • 1. Legion versus phalanx: flexibility (Polybius taken hostage) • 2. Deployment of victory • 196 Flamininus declares Greek peace + liberty! • BUT: Aetolian league + AnEochus III(Syria) • 191 Thermopylae and 188 Rome leaves again Bale of Pydna 168 Rome cracks down this Eme • Roman legions beat 20,000 men in phalanx – No more Macedonia– divided up into 4 - Aemilius Paullus has huge Triumph autonomous units - Massive influx of wealth to Rome – Illyria divided up into 3 units – Epirus completely sacked • 4th Macedonian war 149-8/6 • Phase 3: Annexa8on • Macedonia, Illyria, and Epirus all annexed as provinces • Achaean league declares war ag. Rome – Base of Achaean League, Corinth, razed in 146 – Everything destroyed and populaon enslaved (Symbolic: same year as Carthage sacked: 146) 3 2/16/12 Conclusions of Rome’s ConQuest of Asia: Greece from 214-146 BC AnEochus III (the Great) King of Syria • Military • 190s AnEochus vs. Pergamum > envoys to – End of phalanx and of poliEcal liberty of Rome • Greek states Hannibal at AnEochus’ court! • Aetolians invite AnEochus into Greece aer • PoliEcal Flamininus frees Greece – New provinces = no turning back • Romans kick AnEochus out of Greece in 191 • Cultural • Now a score to secle: – Phase 1 = dominaon – “Greece, having been conQuered, – Phase 2 = destabiliZaon conQuered its fierce conQueror.” -Horace – Phase 3 = annexaon 1) Dominaon 2) Destabilizaon • 190 BC: Bale Magnesia in Asia Minor • Rome tries to leave Asia Minor… but can’t – Rome and Pergamum vs. AnEochus III of Syria • Pergamum vs. neighboring Bithynia – 30,000 Romans defeat 70,000 Syrians – Pergamum draws Rome in as ally – C.O. Roman legions: Scipio Africanus & brother – Hannibal hiding out in Bithynian court: suicide 183 • Treaty of Apamea 188 BC • 168 Rhodes and piracy – AnEochus to withdraw from most of Asia Minor • 161 treaty with Jewish rebels against Syria – Surrender navy – Pay huge indemnity of 15,000 talents 3) Annexa8on • Real winner of all this = Pergamum’s King • 133: King of Pergamum dies without heir Eumenes, who takes over ceded territory • beQueaths Pergamum to Rome • 129: old kingdom of Pergamum = province of Asia 4 2/16/12 Imita1o Alexandri - scary individualism – personality cult -Scipio Africanus Alexander the Great Pompey the Great 5 .