MUSI 2060 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Lectures: 19-30 Terms Call & response: antiphonal; when vocalist is answered by either a group of vocalists or by instruments, or in between instruments Backbeat: putting a strong accent on the off-beats; in a four-beat measure, these would be on beats 2 and 4; basic rhythm of rock music Vamp: short chord progressions used to mark time; singer can usually talk over them Strophic: all verses are sung to the same music but the lyrics change; most blues song are this song form Musique concrète: skillful blend of sound effects and fragments of speech with music and studio technology Polyrhythms: 2 or more rhythms performed at the same time Melisma: one syllable is sung over many pitches Fill: instrumental embellishment played during rests in the vocal melody; standard 12 bar blues has a fill at the end of each sung line; anything played by a drummer other than strict time-keeping Flat-four beat: all four beats of the measure are emphasized equally Heavy metal: aka hard rock Rif: short melodic/rhythmic pattern that’s repeated over and over while musical changes take place over fragment; often harmonic and rhythmic basis of the entire song Happening: a performance, event or situation meant to be considered art, usually as performance art Distortion devices: create "warm" and "dirty" sounds by compressing the peaks of an electric musical instrument's sound wave, which results in a large number of added overtones o Wah-wah pedals, fuzz tone, reverberation, feedback, etc. Polyphonic texture: two or more melodies occurring at once that are of equal importance Two-beat bass: bassist pays root of the chord on the first beat of a measure and the fifth of the chord on the third beat of a measure; associated with country music Feedback: a special kind of positive feedback which occurs when a sound loop exists between an audio input and an audio output Aleatory: musicians told to get from point A to point B however they want (quickly, stepwise, etc.); “controlled chaos” Standard song form (AABA): musical structure that has two musical parts (A & B); the A part is played and repeated (8+8 measures), followed by the B part or bridge (8 measures) and another A part (8 measures) for an overall AABA (32 measures); sometimes A part is divided into verse & chorus Concept album: a studio album where all musical or lyrical ideas contribute to a single overall theme or unified story Contrafact: a musical composition consisting of a new melody overlaid on a familiar harmonic structure Bend (bent notes): notes that are slightly altered by pulling on string, raising/lowering the voice, tightening/loosening embouchure, or mouth position, on a horn; also called a blue note Power chord: a combination of two tones consisting of a root and its fifth Power trio: a rock and roll band format having a lineup of guitar, bass and drums, leaving out the rhythm guitar or keyboard that are used in other rock music to fill out the sound with chords Montuno: improvisation on two-chord progression Skiffle: short-lived British version of American Folk Super group: members of the band had already gotten their fame from being in other groups and now they came together to form a new band People Brian Epstein: manager of the Beatles Stu Sutclife: original bassist of the Beatles Nanker Phelge: collaborative composition of the whole Rolling Stones band Augustus Owsley: consulting engineer of Grateful Dead; aka Bear Aldous Huxley: British writer of the book Brave New World, The Doors of Perception, etc.; influenced The Doors Jimmy Page: lead guitar for Led Zeppelin; influenced by Chuck Berry, James Burton, Scotty Moore, & Muddy Waters Syd Barret: guitar and vocals of Pink Floyd Jello Biafra: lead vocals of Dead Kennedys Pete Best: original drummer for the Beatles (replaced by Ringo Starr) Pete Meaden: manager of the Who when they were The High Numbers Andrew Oldham: manager of The Rolling Stones Chas Chandler: a record producer who discovered Jimi Hendrix Allen Ginsberg: influenced Jim Morrison with his poetry The Yardbirds: English rock band that included Jimmy Page Alan Parsons: produced, directed, and engineered Pink Floyd’s “Dark Side of the Moon” George Martin: producer of the Beatles Kenney Jones: drums for The Who after Keith Moon The Glimmer Twins: Mick Jagger and Keith Richards as producers of the Rolling Stones Billy Cox: bassist of the Jimi Hendrix Experience Arthur Rimbaud: French symbolist poet that influenced Jim Morrison John Paul Jones: bass and keyboards of Led Zeppelin Malcolm McLaren: manager of the Sex Pistols Styles Characteristics Genres Psychedelic Rock: o Recording quality is hazy, muted o Changing focus of performers in the mix (“hungupedness”) o Volume levels in concert very loud o Loudness results in distortion o Use of electronic devices for distortion . Fuzz tone . Wah-wah pedal (invented in 1966) . Phasing (done on control board) o Use of feedback o Emphasis on instrumentation (especially on lead guitarists) o Influenced by American rhythm & blues bands and R&B-influenced British bands o Group Examples: . Drug Use: Blue Cheer, Jefferson Airplanes . Cross-Images: Electric Prunes, Electric Flag, Grateful Dead, Iron Butterfly Hard Rock: o Sound: vocals mixed into overall sound . Loud volumes . Lead guitar oriented . Electronic distortion . Thick-textured sound o Form: mostly riff-based songs . Some dependence on basic forms (strophic, standard, hybrid) o Harmony: simple chord progressions . 3-5 chords in basic progression . Progressions based on guitar practical technique . Power chord (root/fifth) . Bass ostinato (riff) is the harmonic basis o Time: Fast tempos . Simple duple/quadruple meters . Strong, hard backbeat . Bass ostinato (riff is also the rhythmic basis o Group Examples: . Electrical, mechanical power: Tesla, AC/DC, Mötorhead . Mötley Crüe, Black Sabbath, Slayer, Megadeth . Misspelling, on purpose: Led Zeppelin, Def Leppard Punk Rock (and proto/pre): o Sound: . Loud volumes . Basic rock band (lead guitar, bass guitar, drums, vocals o Form:.