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O ther ____ __________ _____ _________ ________________ University Microfilms International REGIONAL POWER IN CHINA: TIAO-TIAO KUAI-KUAI AUTHORITY IN THE CHINESE POLITICAL SYSTEM DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Paul Edward Schroeder, B.S., M.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1987 Dissertation Committee: Approved by D. M. Lampton G. Shabad R. W. Liddle I <f 1 L -ilJ- Adviser / W. L. Li Department of Political Science Copyright by Paul Edward Schroeder 1987 To My Family ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are too many people who have influenced this dissertation to name them all here. However, special acknowledgement must be given to Dr. David M. Lampton for his guidance and insight throughout the research and his special enthusiasm for the study of China. I also wish to acknowledge the other members of my advisory committee, Drs. R. William Liddle, Goldie Shabad and Wen Lang Li. In addition, I offer special thanks to Dr. Dorothy Solinger for her continued encouragement and support and to Dr. Gary Jefferson for his insights. Finally, I offer sincere appreciation to my wife Rosemary Palmer, our children, Amanda and Augie, my parents, Edward and Leona Schroeder, and my friends for their patience and encouragement. iii VITA April 10, 1949...................Born--Cleveland, Ohio 197 1...............................B.S., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 197 2 ...............................M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1981...............................M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1984-1985.........................Research Fellow, Ohio State University--Wuhan University Exchange Program 1986-1987.........................State of Ohio, Department of Development, Ohio Liaison in China PUBLICATIONS "The Ohio-Hubei Agreement: Clues to Chinese Negotiating Tactics." China Quarterly. No. 92, September 1982, 486- 491. "Policy Implementation in Post-Mao China." Mershon Report. The Ohio State University, 8, No. 3, (Winter 1983). FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Comparative Politics Studies in: Chinese Politics, Dr. David M. Lampton Economic Development, Dr. R. William Liddle Comparative Political Institutions, Dr. Goldie Shabad International Relations, Dr. Charles F. Hermann TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................iii VITA........................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES............................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES............................................ viii CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION........................................... 1 Introduction........................................... 1 liflQ-tiSP Kuai-kuai................................... 6 Models of the Chinese Political System........... 17 Field Research........................................29 Endnotes............................................... 33 II. PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION............................ 37 Introduction............................. 37 Comparative Decentralization....................... 39 Macro-Level Discussions............................. 46 Functional Discussions.............................. 53 Provincial Administration Discussions..............56 Dual Rule........................................... 58 Disaggregating Decentralization....................65 Bureaucratic Politics................................74 Endnotes............................................... 87 III. BREAKDOWN OF ORGANIZATION...........................93 Introduction..........................................9 3 Regionalism in China................................100 Decentralization in History................. 107 Qin..................................................108 Han. ........................................... Ill Sui..................................................119 Tang................................................ 120 Five Dynasties.................................... 131 Song................................................ 135 Ming. .............................................. 141 Qing................................................ 146 Endnotes.............................................. 153 v IV. THE PERSISTENCE OF TRADITION......................159 Introduction......................................... 159 1908-1916.............................................162 1922-1930.............................................175 1949-1960.............................................184 The Incongruity of Means and Ends..............185 The Rise of Regionalism......................... 189 Decentralization and Dual Rule................. 191 The Decentralization Debate.....................193 Dual Rule.......................................... 199 The Result.........................................205 Conclusion.........................................208 Endnotes..............................................211 V. COMPETITION FOR POWER.............................. 215 Introduction.........................................215 The Nature of Reform............................... 223 Center-Enterprise Decentralization...............231 Phase One (1978-1980)...........................236 Phase Two (1980-1981)...........................244 Phase Three (1981-1984)........................ 249 Phase Four (1984-- )........................ 278 Provincial-Enterprise Decentralization..........285 Conclusion........................................... 300 Endnotes..............................................305 VI. MAPPING POWER IN HUBEI'S FOREIGN TRADE SYSTEM............................... 317 Introduction......................................... 317 Foreign Trade Reforms.............................. 319 Control of Hubei's Foreign Trade................. 33 6 Export Controls................................... 339 Import Controls................................... 351 Import Licensing............................... 352 Foreign Exchange Use...........................357 Conclusion........................................... 362 Endnotes..............................................367 VII. CONCLUSION........................................... 34 4 Endnotes..............................................389 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................390 vi LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 3.1 Destabilizing Phenomena.............................. 98 3.2 Stabilizing Phenomena................................ 98 6.1 China's Foreign Trade, 1950-1980.................. 320 6.2 China's Foreign Trade, 1980-1986.................. 322 6.3 Value of Hubei Province Exports, Selected Years. ............................ .326 6.4 Value of Hubei Province Local Imports, Selected Years........................................ 327 6.5 Use of Foreign Capital, Hubei Province Selected Years........................................ 327 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 2.1 Choices in Decentralization.........................