DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES TRANSPORT AND TOURISM RESEARCH FOR TRAN COMMITTEE - THE EU MARITIME TRANSPORT SYSTEM: FOCUS ON FERRIES STUDY This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Transport and Tourism. AUTHORS TRT Trasporti e Territorio: Angelo Martino, Marco Brambilla RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATOR Christina Ratcliff Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies European Parliament B-1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE Adrienn Borka LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN ABOUT THE PUBLISHER To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to its monthly newsletter please write to: [email protected] Manuscript completed in February 2016. © European Union, 2016. Print ISBN 978-92-823-8807-5 doi:10.2861/65075 QA-02-16-176-EN-C PDF ISBN 978-92-823-8806-8 doi:10.2861/657769 QA-02-16-176-EN-N This document is available on the Internet at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/supporting-analyses DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorized, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES TRANSPORT AND TOURISM RESEARCH FOR TRAN COMMITTEE - THE EU MARITIME TRANSPORT SYSTEM: FOCUS ON FERRIES STUDY Abstract This study provides a concise overview of passenger ferries as part of the EU Maritime Transport System, focussing on their role in contributing to multimodality. The ferry industry is analysed across spatial scales, from urban to long distance, and with respect to its implications within an economic context. This study outlines the ferry industry from a wide perspective: technological developments and innovations are also addressed in view of applicable environmental regulations. IP/B/TRAN/IC/2016-022 2016 PE 573.423 EN Research for TRAN Committee - The EU Maritime Transport System: Focus on Ferries ____________________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 7 LIST OF TABLES 9 LIST OF FIGURES 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 13 1. INTRODUCTION 15 2. THE FERRY INDUSTRY IN THE EU 17 2.1 Brief history 17 2.2 Regions and routes 18 2.3 Performance trends 18 2.4 Development of the fleet 19 2.5 Safety records and regulations 20 2.6 Investments under TEN-T and CEF programmes 20 3. THE FERRIES’ TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS 23 4. FERRIES IN URBAN AREAS 27 4.1 General characteristics 27 4.2 Integrated ticketing 27 5. FERRY SERVICES AT REGIONAL, NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SCALE 29 6. CONCLUSIONS 31 REFERENCES 33 WEBSITES 39 ANNEX TO CHAPTER 2 41 ANNEX TO CHAPTER 3 75 ANNEX TO CHAPTER 4 79 ANNEX TO CHAPTER 5 83 5 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 6 Research for TRAN Committee - The EU Maritime Transport System: Focus on Ferries ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BWM International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments CEF Connecting Europe Facility CNG Compressed Natural Gas CNIT Conto Nazionale delle Infrastrutture e dei Trasporti CO2 Carbon Dioxide cst Centistoke DMA Danish Maritime Authority DNV Det Norske Veritas EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ECA(s) Emission Control Area(s) EEDI Energy Efficiency Design Index EP European Parliament EU European Union GHG Greenhouse Gas GT Gross tonne IFO Intermediate Fuel Oil IGF International Code of Safety for Ships using Gases or other Low- flashpoint Fuels IMO International Maritime Organisation INEA Innovation and Networks Executive Agency ISTAT Istituto Nazionale di Statistica kWh kilowatt-hours 7 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LNG Liquefied Natural Gas MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships MDO Marine Diesel Oil MEPC Marine Environment Protection Committee MIT Italian Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport MoS Motorway of the Sea MSC Maritime Safety Committee NM Nautical Mile NOx Nitrogen Oxide OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PSC Public Service Contract PM Particulate Matter PSO Public Service Obligation PT Public Transport Ro-Pax Roll-on/roll-off passenger ship Ro-Ro Roll-on/roll-off ship SEEMP Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan SNCM Société Nationale Maritime Corse-Méditerranée SOLAS International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea SOx Sulphur Oxides TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TEN-T Trans-European Transport Networks 8 Research for TRAN Committee - The EU Maritime Transport System: Focus on Ferries ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Passengers of ferries traffic volumes worldwide (thousands) 41 Table 2 Cars of ferries traffic volumes worldwide (thousands) 42 Table 3 Buses of ferries traffic volumes worldwide (thousands) 43 Table 4 Trailers of ferries traffic volumes worldwide (thousands) 44 Table 5 Passengers traffic volumes in the EU regions (thousands) 45 Table 6 Cars traffic volumes in the EU regions (thousands) 46 Table 7 Buses traffic volumes in the EU regions (thousands) 47 Table 8 Trailers traffic volumes in the EU regions (thousands) 48 Table 9 Shares of routes operated in the EU regions 49 Table 10 Shares of routes operated in the Baltic region 50 Table 11 Shares of routes operated in the North Sea region 51 Table 12 Shares of routes operated in the Mediterranean region 52 Table 13 Number of ships 53 Table 14 Gross Tonnes (thousands) 54 Table 15 Number of beds (thousands) 55 Table 16 Vehicles capacity (lanemetre) (thousands) 56 Table 17 Reported revenues, employees and number of merges and acquisitions in the ferry industry 57 Table 18 Ferries fleet (ships) 58 Table 19 Most dramatic events involving ferries in the EU over the last 30 years 59 Table 20 Safety records (years 2007-2015) 60 Table 21 Investments financed under TEN-T 62 9 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Table 22 Investments financed under CEF 68 Table 23 The limits for SOx in fuel oil and step changes over the years 75 Table 24 Cases of ferry services in urban areas 80 Table 25 Cases of ferry services at regional scale 83 Table 26 Cases of ferry services at national scale 84 Table 27 Cases of ferry services in competition with infrastructure and services 85 Table 28 Traffic crossing the Dover Strait (thousands) 87 Table 29 Traffic crossing the Øresund (thousands) 90 10 Research for TRAN Committee - The EU Maritime Transport System: Focus on Ferries ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Passengers of ferries traffic volumes worldwide 41 Figure 2 Cars of ferries traffic volumes worldwide 42 Figure 3 Buses of ferries traffic volumes worldwide 43 Figure 4 Trailers of ferries traffic volumes worldwide 44 Figure 5 Passengers traffic volumes in the EU regions 45 Figure 6 Cars traffic volumes in the EU regions 46 Figure 7 Buses traffic volumes in the EU regions 47 Figure 8 Trailers traffic volumes in the EU regions 48 Figure 9 Shares of routes operated in the EU regions 49 Figure 10 Shares of routes operated in the Baltic region 50 Figure 11 Shares of routes operated in the North Sea region 51 Figure 12 Shares of routes operated in the Mediterranean region 52 Figure 13 Share of the number of ships amongst EU regions 53 Figure 14 Share of Gross Tonnes amongst EU regions 54 Figure 15 Share of number of beds amongst EU regions 55 Figure 16 Share of vehicles capacity amongst EU regions 56 Figure 17 SOx Emission Control Areas 76 Figure 18 Bunker price (USD/tonne) 76 Figure 19 “Enviro” ferries delivered 77 Figure 20 Traffic comparison between the Channel Tunnel and International Short Sea journeys in UK (thousands of passengers) 86 Figure 21 Passengers crossing the Dover Strait 88 Figure 22 Cars crossing the Dover Strait 88 11 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Figure 23 Buses crossing the Dover Strait 89 Figure 24 Trailers crossing the Dover Strait 89 Figure 25 Passengers crossing the Øresund 91 Figure 26 Cars crossing the Øresund 91 Figure 27 Buses crossing the Øresund 92 Figure 28 Trailers crossing the Øresund 92 12 Research for TRAN Committee - The EU Maritime Transport System: Focus on Ferries ____________________________________________________________________________________________ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This study analyses the specificities of the ferry industry. The starting point of the study is a set of non-exhaustive questions, which were expanded upon to reflect the current state of play. The ferry industry is analysed in the light of European Union (EU) environmental, safety and services provisions in force. Future developments are discussed by addressing key issues such as technological uptakes, congestion reduction possibilities, safety and competition with other