Change and Un-change: Bian Zhilin’s Struggles in the War Time, 1937-1958 THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Xueying Kong Graduate Program in East Asian Languages and Literatures The Ohio State University 2016 Master's Examination Committee: Kirk Denton, Advisor Meow Hui Goh Copyrighted by Xueying Kong 2016 Abstract This thesis analyzes the heterogeneous works of Bian Zhilin (1910-2000), a famous modern Chinese poet, during 1937-1958, a relatively understudied period of his career in the extant scholarship. In particular, I focus on his wartime poetry in the poetry collection Letters of Comfort (Weilaoxin ji ), his wartime novel Mountains and Rivers (Shanshan shuishui ), and his decision to burn the manuscript of the latter in the 1950s. In reading these texts closely, particularly the novel, within their literary and historical contexts, I demonstrate that this period is crucial in Bian Zhilin’s career as it bridges his prewar life and his post-1949 acclimation to the new socialist regime. More specific, I argue that the change and un-change paradox/dialectic, or the collision and collusion of maintaining inner autonomy and participating in historical transformation, underlie all of Bian’s works in the wartime. It is first shown in his Yan’an poetry, then fully manifested in the novel Mountains and Rivers, and further demonstrated in his post- ii 1949 literary pursuits. To reconcile the inner and outer orientations of self, Bian constructs a notion of “spiral movement,” which again plays with the dialectic of change and un-change, to restore the traditional harmony of self. An overview of Bian’s career and life since the war demonstrates that “spiral movement” acts not only as an instruction for Bian to write the novel, but also as his schematization of the world and a guiding principle of his life. In so doing, I try to overthrow the commonly-held label of Bian Zhilin as merely a poet in current scholarship and reveal his multifaceted persona. I also argue against the popular view that the incomplete novel Mountains and Rivers was a waste of Bian Zhilin’s creative energy and a disruption in his poetic career, and unravel the complicated aesthetics, thought, and character of Bian manifested in the novel. Furthermore, through studying the case of Bian Zhilin, I discuss some larger issues in relation to Chinese modernity and intellectuals at a moment of particularly dehumanizing tendencies in modern Chinese history. With two consecutive wars—the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and the Chinese Civil War (1945-1949), the period of 1937 to 1958 is a tumultuous and rapidly changing time in the history of Chinese modernity. As an intellectual at ease with both Chinese and Western culture, Bian’s struggles and transformations in this period provide us with a unique window to investigate important issues such as the interrelationship between social engagement and intellectual iii independence, artistic autonomy and political demands, as well as tradition and modernity. iv To my parents, Zhang Shiying and Kong Xiangshan v Acknowledgments Many people have been of great help with this thesis. Nathaniel and Beilul read the first manuscript and gave me precious and creative edits and suggestions. My friends and family members: Litong, Dingding, Barry, Terry, Qiaoxu, as well as my parents, always warmed my heart with their unwavering support and friendship. I would also like to thank my professor at Fudan University, Zhang Xinying , who first introduced me to Bian Zhilin’s novel Mountains and Rivers and its delicate beauty. I am very grateful to Prof. Marjorie Chan, Prof. Christopher Reed, and Knicely Debbie, who have helped me grow as a person and as a scholar by setting an amazing example. I am deeply grateful for Prof. Meow Hui Goh, who has not only introduced me to many inspiring works through the two-year study with her, and agreed to be my committee member, but also listened and encouraged me when I was at my lowest point. Above all, the person I am most indebted to is my advisor, Prof. Kirk Denton, who gave me full freedom to explore topics that intrigued me, and to develop my own project out of those academic wanderings. He carefully read every draft of this thesis and offered many insightful vi comments which guided me to delve deeper into the topic and reached a better understanding of it. Without his invaluable help, I could not have finished this thesis. Needless to say, all errors and deficiencies are my own responsibility. vii Vita 2014................................................................B.A. Journalism & B.A. Chinese Language and Literature, Fudan University 2014 to May 2016 .........................................Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures, The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field: East Asian Languages and Literatures Modern Chinese Literature viii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Dedication ………………………………………………………………………………...v Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. vi Vita ................................................................................................................................... viii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Mountains and Rivers in the War .................................................................................... 4 Enlarge, Amend, and Deepen: A Literature Review……………………………………9 Outline of the Chapters ................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 1: Bian Zhilin: In and Out of the War ................................................................. 18 War: Dislocation and Inspiration .................................................................................. 18 Bian Zhilin’s Poetics: Disjunction and Depersonalization ........................................... 26 Chapter 2: Yan’an Poetry and Its Dilemma ...................................................................... 33 ix Journey to Yan’an ......................................................................................................... 33 Letters of Comfort: A Dilemma .................................................................................... 39 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 52 Chapter 3: Mountains and Rivers: A Spiral Movement .................................................... 54 Spiral Movement ........................................................................................................... 57 A Relativistic Worldview .............................................................................................. 70 The Ambiguity of War and the Theory of Gesture ....................................................... 75 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 95 Chapter 4: Burning the Manuscript: Another Spiral Movement ...................................... 98 Returning to Beijing: Merge into the New Regime ...................................................... 99 Burning the Manuscript: Ambiguity and Ambivalence .............................................. 104 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 114 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 115 References ....................................................................................................................... 121 Glossary .......................................................................................................................... 128 x Introduction The research for this thesis originated from a personal encounter with a long novel called Mountains and Rivers (Shanshan Shuishui ) by Bian Zhilin (1910-2000), who is known more as a poet than as a novelist. The discovery of this novel overturned my stereotyped image of Bian as solely a poet; reading the novel opened up to me the exquisite and complicated world of Bian’s aesthetic and life philosophy, causing me to believe that both the novel and the novelist require careful re-examination. Furthermore, the fact that in the early 1950s Bian himself burned the manuscript of the novel, after he had spent a full eight years (1941-1948) writing it (and translating it into English) amid two wars, the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and the Chinese Civil War (1945-1949), further triggered my interest in the novel and the novelist. Why would an author, after devoting himself and attaching great value to it, then destroy his own work? Why then did he write the novel? What were the circumstances and context of his creation and destruction of the novel? To answer these questions and better understand Bian Zhilin as a multifaceted intellectual, I undertook the current research. Whereas previous studies have mainly focused on Bian’s poetry of the 1930s, this thesis focuses on the years 1937-1958, a decisive yet consistently overlooked period