PROFILE OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT : UGANDA Compilation of the information available in the Global IDP Database of the Norwegian Refugee Council (as of 10 August, 2005) Also available at http://www.idpproject.org Users of this document are welcome to credit the Global IDP Database for the collection of information. The opinions expressed here are those of the sources and are not necessarily shared by the Global IDP Project or NRC Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project Chemin de Balexert, 7-9 1219 Geneva - Switzerland Tel: + 41 22 799 07 00 Fax: + 41 22 799 07 01 E-mail : [email protected] CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 PROFILE SUMMARY 7 SUMMARY 7 UGANDA: COLLAPSE OF PEACE TALKS DIMS HOPES FOR TWO MILLION IDPS 7 CAUSES AND BACKGROUND 7 BACKGROUND 14 THE WAR IS SPREADING EAST (MARCH 2004) 14 HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT 15 A CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS IN THE NORTHERN UGANDA CONFLICT 18 ONE OUTLINE OF THE CAUSES OF THE CONFLICT IN ACHOLILAND 21 ETHNIC TENSION; MYTH OR REALITY? (2004) 24 ACHOLI LACK CONFIDENCE IN THE GOVERNMENT 26 THE NATIONAL RESISTANCE ARMY’S ARMED INSURGENCY (1981-1986) 26 FOUR MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONFLICT (APRIL 2004) 27 THE HOLY SPIRIT MOVEMENT FRONT AND ALICE AUMA 'LAKWENA, 1986-1987 28 THE LEADER OF LORD’S RESISTANCE ARMY BROKE AWAY WITH ALLIES IN OBOTE II ARMY(1988) 29 LORD’S RESISTANCE ARMY SEVERLY WEAKENED, ACCORDING TO ARMY OFFICIALS (MAY 2005) 30 BACKGROUND OF THE ALLIANCE FOR DEMOCRATIC FORCES, 1996-1999 30 BACKGROUND OF THE CONFLICT IN THE WEST NILE AND THE WNBF, 1971-2002 32 DISPLACEMENTS IN ACHOLILAND 34 CAUSES OF DISPLACEMENT IN PADER DISTRICT, 2001-2004 34 MASSIVE DISPLACEMENT IN LIRA DISTRICT, 2003-2004 34 LRA ATTACKS ARE OFTEN AFTER FOOD DISTRIBUTION BY WFP (MAY 2004) 35 SUDANESE REFUGEES IN UGANDA TARGETED BY THE LRA ( MAY 2004) 36 GOVERNMENT ALLEGEDLY MOVED REFUGEES BY FORCE (AUGUST 2003) 37 ARMY DISPLACED 300,000 PEOPLE (JULY 2003) 38 SYSTEMATIC ESCALATION OF VIOLENCE BY THE LRA REBELS IN THE NORTH (2003) 39 INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE REGARD CAMPS AS TRAPS (JULY 2003) 40 LRA REBELS ATTACK GOVERNMENT CREATED "PROTECTED" IDP VILLAGES (2002-2003) 41 DISPLACEMENTS IN THE TESO REGION 44 CAUSES OF DISPLACEMENT IN TESO REGION, 1985-2005 44 CATTLE RAIDS, DROUGHT AND FOOD INSECURITY IN THE KARAMAJONG DOMINATED NORTH- EAST (2000-2003) 45 INTER AND EXTRA COMMUNAL VIOLENCE AMONG THE KARAMAJONG 48 DISPLACEMENTS CAUSED BY KARIMOJONG PASTORALISTS IN EASTERN UGANDA (1999-2002) 49 DISPLACEMENTS IN THE WEST 52 THE THREAT FROM ALLIED DEMOCRATIC FORCES REDUCED (2003) 52 LANDOWNERS IN THE RWENZORI REGION CHARGING IDPS FOR LAND TO ESTABLISH SHELTERS (2002) 54 DISPLACEMENTS RELATED TO THE ALLIED DEMOCRATIC FORCES (ADF) IN THE WEST AND SOUTHWEST (1998-2003) 54 PEACE-EFFORTS 55 TRIBAL ANIMOSITY SUBSIDED IN LANGO REGION (SEPTEMBER 2004) 55 REVIVED EXPECTATIONS FOR PEACE (FEBRUARY 2005) 57 LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS ORGANISE RECONCILIATION CONFERENCE (DECEMBER 2004) 58 THE IDPS PREFER PEACE BEFORE JUSTICE (JULY 2005) 59 HOW CAN THE US SUPPORT THE PEACE-PROCESS? (JULY 2005) 60 US SUPPORTED PEACE INITIATIVE (SEPTEMBER 2004) 62 ANTI-TERRORISM LAWS UNDERMINE AMNESTY ACT OF 2000 (MAY 2004) 64 WHY THERE HAVE NEVER BEEN ANY REAL "PEACE TALKS" ( JULY 2003) 65 LEADERS OF A PEACE INITIATIVE HAVE REJECTED CALLS TO OFFER MONEY TO THE REBEL LORD'S RESISTANCE ARMY (LRA)(OCTOBER 2003) 67 PREMATURE PEACE HOPES, 1994-2005 68 KACOKE MADIT (KM) - AN ORGANISATION OF THE ACHOLI COMMUNITY IN EXILE WORKING FOR PEACE (1996-2000) 72 UGANDA-SUDAN RELATIONS 73 INTERNATIONAL PRESSURE ON SUDAN TO END ALL SUPPORT FOR THE LRA IS VERY LOW (JUNE 2005) 73 AGREEMENTS BETWEEN SUDAN AND UGANDA AND BETWEEN KHARTOUM AND THE SPLM/A HAVE LEFT THE LRA INCREASINGLY ISOLATED (JANUARY 2005) 75 LORD’S RESISTANCE ARMY ASSISTED BY SUDAN IN RETALIATION FOR UGANDAN SUPPORT TO SPLM/A (JULY 2003) 77 AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENTS OF SUDAN AND UGANDA, 8 DECEMBER, 1999 78 BACKGROUND TO THE CONFLICT IN THE KARAMAJONG AFFECTED AREA 79 HISTORICAL COMPLICITY BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT AND KARAMAJONG WARRIORS 79 BACKGROUND OF THE CONFLICT IN THE KARAMAJONG NORTH-EAST, 1970S-2003 79 MONTHLY HUMANITARIAN UPDATE 82 HUMANITARIAN UPDATE BY THE UN OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS (JANUARY 2001-MAY 2005) 82 POPULATION FIGURES AND PROFILE 83 GENERAL 83 WHO ARE THE IDPS IN THE TESO REGION? 83 WHO ARE THE IDPS IN NORTHERN UGANDA ? 83 GLOBAL FIGURES 84 AROUND TWO MILLION IDPS IN UGANDA (JUNE 2005) 84 16,000 CHILDREN IN 20 NIGHT COMMUTER CENTRES IN GULU (JUNE 2005) 87 AROUND 18,000 CHILDREN ABDUCTED THROUGOUT THE CONFLICT (NOVEMBER 2004) 89 PATTERNS OF DISPLACEMENT 90 GENERAL 90 IDP MOVEMENTS IN TESO REGION FROM JUNE 2003 TO NOVEMBER 2004 90 NIGHT COMMUTERS' PATTERN OF DISPLACEMENT (MAY 2004) 90 2 DIFFICULT TO KNOW EXACTLY WHERE DISPLACED HAVE SETTLED (SEPTEMBER 2003) 91 RECOGNIZABLE CHANGE IN THE SYSTEM AND CONSEQUENCES OF ABDUCTION AND ABDUCTEES (2003) 91 REBELS BURNING SETTLEMENTS TO DISCOURAGE IDPS STAYING IN THE CAMPS 92 PHYSICAL SECURITY & FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 94 PHYSICAL SECURITY 94 WIDESPREAD HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AGANIST IDPS CONTINUE (JUNE 2005) 94 THE EXTENT OF THE MINE PROBLEM IN THE NORTH IS UNCLEAR (JUNE 2005) 95 NIGHT COMMUTERS EXPOSED TO SEXUAL HARASSMENT AND RAPE (FEBRUARY 2005) 96 IDP WOMEN IN KARAMAJONG AFFECTED DISTRICTS SUFFER BEATING AND RAPE (JUNE 2005) 96 SEXUAL AND GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN IDP CAMPS (JUNE 2005) 97 INSUFFICIENT INTERNAL SECURITY IN IDP CAMPS 98 SEXUAL AND GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN TESO IDP CAMPS (FEBRUARY 2005) 98 IDPS MASSACRED IN CAMPS (MAY 2004) 98 UNRECOGNISED CAMPS EASY TARGETS FOR REBELS (MAY 2004) 99 IDP EXPOSED TO EXTREME LEVELS OF VIOLENCE(JULY 2005) 100 MOST LRA ATTACKS ARE OFTEN AFTER FOOD DISTRIBUTION BY WFP (MAY 2004) 101 MOST COMMON HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS (FEBRUARY 2004) 102 THE ARMY CLAIMING THAT IDP CAMP HARBOURS REBEL COLLABORATORS (FEBRUARY 2004) 103 CHILDREN FORCED TO COMMIT ATROCITIES ON FELLOW ABDUCTEES AND SIBLINGS, 1997-2004 103 SUBSISTENCE NEEDS 107 FOOD 107 HUNGER REPORTED IN KARAMAJONG INDUCED CAMPS (JUNE 2005) 107 HUGE NUMBERS OF IDPS FACING FOOD SHORTAGES AMID VIOLENCE IN NORTHERN UGANDA (JUNE 2005) 108 INSUFFICIENT ACCESS TO FOOD NOT THE ONLY REASON FOR MALNUTRITION (FEBRUARY 2004) 111 HUNGER GAP MOST COMMON IN THE MONTHS OF MAY, JUNE, AND JULY (NOVEMBER 2003) 112 DRAUGHT AND HUNGER IN KARAMAJONG AREA IN NORTH-EAST (2003) 112 HEALTH 114 HIV/AIDS RATES ARE SOARING IN THE IDP CAMPS (JUNE 2005) 114 POOR HEALTH SITUATION FOR IDPS IN KARAMAJONG AFFECTED AREAS (JUNE 2005) 115 HEALTH INDICATORS IMPROVING SLOWLY IN PADER IDP CAMPS (MARCH 2005) 118 HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY REMAINS FRAGMENTED IN IDP CAMPS (FEBRUARY 2005) 119 CHOLERA IN IDP CAMPS (JUNE 2005) 121 WATER AND SANITATION 122 THE VAST MAJORITY OF IDP CAMPS FACE A WATER CRISIS (JULY 2005) 122 WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR IN KARAMAJONG AFFECTED AREAS GENERALLY WORSE THAN IN ACHOLILAND (JUNE 2005) 124 AVERAGE NUMBER OF 2698 PERSONS PER WATER SOURCE IN GULU CAMPS (JANUARY 2004) 126 SHELTER AND NON-FOOD ITEMS 127 WAVE OF FIRES STRIKING CONGESTED IDPS CAMPS (FEBRUARY 2005) 127 MORE ASSISTANCE TO LRA THAN KARAMAJONG INDUCED CAMPS (JUNE 2005) 128 IDPS IN URGENT NEED FOR SHELTER IN LIRA DISTRICT (MARCH 2004) 129 3 ACCESS TO EDUCATION 130 GENERAL 130 EDUCATION SECTOR IN KARAMAJONG AFFECTED AREAS (JUNE 2005) 130 EDUCATION POLICY ADAPTED TO IDP SITUATION FAILED (MARCH 2005) 131 ABSENCE OF TEACHERS MAIN PROBLEM IN LIRA (MARCH 2005) 131 PRIMARY SCHOOLS HAVE BEEN TARGETS FOR THE LRA BECAUSE THEY ARE ISOLATED OUTSIDE OF THE TOWN CENTERS (FEBRUARY 2005) 132 SECONDARY SCHOOLS LESS EXPOSED TO LRA ATTACKS (FEBRUARY 2005) 133 AT LEAST 25 PER CENT OF PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN CAMPS ARE NOT ATTENDING CLASSES (JUNE 2005) 133 SCHOOLS HAVE NO CAPACITY TO PROVIDE SHELTER, TEACHERS, AND SCHOLASTIC MATERIALS (NOVEMBER 2003) 136 ISSUES OF SELF-RELIANCE AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 137 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 137 DISPLACEMENT HAMPERS VOTING (MAY 2005) 137 CAMP MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE IN PADER IDP CAMPS (FEBRUARY 2005) 138 SELF-RELIANCE 139 MOST IDPS HAVE LITTLE ACCESS TO PRODUCTIVE RESOURCES (APRIL 2005) 139 MAIN SOURCE OF INCOME FOR IDPS IN THE KARAMAJONG AFFECTED AREAS IS SELLING OF LABOUR (2005) 140 IDPS TAX EXEMPTED (APRIL 2005) 141 ACCESS TO LAND IN TESO IDP CAMPS (FEBRUARY 2005) 141 IDPS HAVE LIMITED ACCESS TO SEEDS AND AGRICULTURAL TOOLS (JUNE 2004) 141 THE GOVERNMENT DOESN'T LET IDPS FARM THEIR LAND (FEBRUARY 2004) 142 COLLAPSE OF SOCIAL FABRIC AND PASTORAL ECONOMY IN THE NORTH 143 DISPLACEMENT HAS CHANGED TRADITIONAL LIVELIHOOD PATTERNS 144 FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS LIMITED ACCESS TO RELIEF DISTRIBUTION (2001) 145 DRAMATIC DIMINISHING OF CATTLE HERDS DUE TO CATTLE RAIDS AND INCREASED DEMAND FOR MEAT BY ARMY (1985-1997) 146 DOCUMENTATION NEEDS AND CITIZENSHIP 148 GENERAL 148 IMPORTANCE OF BIRTH AND DEATH REGISTRATION NOT UNDERSTOOD BY IDPS IN KARAMAJONG AFFECTED AREAS (JUNE 2005) 148 ISSUES OF FAMILY UNITY, IDENTITY AND CULTURE 149 GENERAL 149 DISPLACEMENT ERODES SOCIAL TIES (JULY 2005) 149 CONFLICT AFFECTED AREAS IN NORTHERN UGANDA SUFFER SOCIAL AND CULTURAL BREAKDOWN 150 DIVERGING PERCEPTIONS OF GENDER ROLES AMONG IDPS IN THE CAMPS (2002) 152 MANY ABDUCTED WOMEN AND GIRLS FIND IT HARD TO ADJUST TO THE LIFE BACK HOME(JULY 2003) 152 4 FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS DISADVANTAGED DURING RESETTLEMENT (2002) 153 PROPERTY ISSUES 156 GENERAL 156 DISPLACEMENT EXACERBATES CONSEQUENCES OF THE LAND ACT OF 1998 FOR WOMEN'S ACCESS TO LAND (MARCH 2004) 156 THE THREAT TO ACHOLI LANDS HAS BECOME A MAJOR POINT OF CONTENTION IN THE ON-GOING WAR IN ACHOLILAND, 2003-2004 157 PLANS FOR LARGE SCALE MECHANIZED FARMING