gerstenblith 4e 00 fmt F2a.qxp 5/13/19 10:27 AM Page i Art, Cultural Heritage, and the Law gerstenblith 4e 00 fmt F2a.qxp 5/13/19 10:27 AM Page ii gerstenblith 4e 00 fmt F2a.qxp 5/13/19 10:27 AM Page iii Art, Cultural Heritage, and the Law Cases and Materials fourth edition Patty Gerstenblith Distinguished Research Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Art, Museum, & Cultural Heritage Law DePaul University College of Law Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina gerstenblith 4e 00 fmt F2a.qxp 5/13/19 10:27 AM Page iv Copyright © 2019 Patty Gerstenblith All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-1-5310-0765-2 e-ISBN 978-1-5310-0766-9 LCCN 2019930445 Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com Printed in the United States of America gerstenblith 4e 00 fmt F2a.qxp 5/13/19 10:27 AM Page v To Sam gerstenblith 4e 00 fmt F2a.qxp 5/13/19 10:27 AM Page vi gerstenblith 4e 00 fmt F2a.qxp 5/13/19 10:27 AM Page vii Contents Preface to the Fourth Edition xix Acknowledgments xxi 1 • An Introduction to Art and Cultural Heritage Law 3 Section A. What Is Art? 4 Mazer v. Stein 4 Notes & Questions 9 Stephanie Giry, An Odd Bird 12 Notes & Questions 16 Section B. Art and Cultural Heritage 18 Lyndel V. Prott and Patrick J. O‘Keefe, Cultural Heritage or Cultural Property 21 Notes & Questions 24 Part I: Artists’ Rights 27 2 • Freedom of Expression 29 Section A. Government Regulation of Artistic Expression 30 Bery v. New York 30 Notes & Questions 37 Piarowski v. Illinois Community College 42 Notes 47 Problem 49 Section B. Right of Publicity/Right of Privacy and the First Amendment 49 Comedy III Productions, Inc. v. Saderup 50 Notes & Question 60 Hoepker v. Kruger 62 Notes & Question 68 Problem 69 Section C. Government Support of the Arts 69 National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley 70 Notes & Questions 84 Brooklyn Inst. of Arts & Sciences v. New York & Rudolph W. Giuliani 85 Notes & Questions 96 Note: Museum Ethics 98 vii gerstenblith 4e 00 fmt F2a.qxp 5/13/19 10:27 AM Page viii viii CONTENTS American Alliance of Museums Guidelines on Exhibiting Borrowed Objects 98 Problems 100 3 • Copyright 103 Section A. Eligibility for Copyright Protection 105 1. Copyrightable Subject Matter 106 2. Fixation 107 3. Originality 108 Davidson v. United States 108 Notes & Questions 119 Problem 125 Section B. Ownership of Copyright and the Work Made for Hire Doctrine 126 Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid 128 Notes & Questions 136 Problems 137 Section C. Infringement 138 Rogers v. Koons 139 Blehm v. Jacobs 146 Notes & Questions 157 Problems 160 Section D. Defense to Infringement: Fair Use 161 Ringgold v. Black Entertainment Television, Inc. 162 Cariou v. Prince 168 Notes & Questions 179 Problem 183 Section E. Copyright in Architectural Works 184 1. Qualifying as an Architectural Work 187 Shine v. Childs 187 Notes & Questions 198 Problem 200 2. Scope of Copyright Protection for Architectural Works 200 Leicester v. Warner Brothers, Corp. 200 Notes & Questions 211 4 • Moral Rights Doctrine 215 Section A. Moral Rights before Enactment of the Visual Artists Rights Act 215 1. Moral Rights in the Absence of Statute 216 Notes 217 2. State Statutes Protecting Moral Rights 220 Notes 220 Section B. The Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 221 1. Introduction 221 Notes & Questions 222 gerstenblith 4e 00 fmt F2a.qxp 5/13/19 10:27 AM Page ix CONTENTS ix 2. Qualification of a Work of Art for Protection under VARA 225 Carter v. Helmsley-Spear, Inc. 225 Notes & Questions 231 3. Work of Recognized Stature 235 Martin v. City of Indianapolis 235 Notes & Questions 241 4. Location of Art Works and VARA Rights 244 a. Site-Specific Art 244 Phillips v. Pembroke Real Estate, Inc. 244 Notes 256 Problem 258 b. VARA-Protected Works Incorporated into Buildings 258 Board of Managers of Soho International Arts Condominium v. New York 258 Notes & Questions 264 Part II : Museums, Merchants, and Markets 269 5 • Museums 271 Section A. The History of Museums in the United States 272 Karl E. Meyer, The Art Museum: Power, Money, Ethics 272 Notes & Questions 285 Section B. Legal Structures of Museums 287 1. Museums as Not-for-Profit Organizations: State Regulation 287 The People ex rel. William J. Scott, Attorney General v. George F. Harding Museum 289 Notes & Questions 295 2. Museums as Tax-Exempt Entities: Federal Regulation 297 a. Donations of Art Works by the Artist 302 Problem 305 b. Unrelated Business Income Tax 305 Problems 309 Section C. Fiduciary Obligations of Museum Trustees 310 1. Duty of Loyalty 311 a. Conflicts of Interest and Self-Dealing 311 b. Loyalty to the Trust Purpose 313 Commonwealth v. The Barnes Foundation 313 Notes & Questions 317 2. Duty of Care: Management of Museum Collections 322 Notes & Questions 327 3. Fiduciary Duties and Deaccessioning 328 Rockwell v. Trustees of the Berkshire Museum 328 Notes & Questions 344 Note: Deaccessioning and the Use of Proceeds of the Sale of Deaccessioned Works of Art 347 gerstenblith 4e 00 fmt F2a.qxp 5/13/19 10:27 AM Page x x CONTENTS Notes & Questions 351 4. Doctrines of Cy Pres and Deviation 353 In the Matter of the Application of Lewis Nixon, Sr. 353 The Trustees of the Corcoran Gallery of Art v. District of Columbia 358 Doctrine of Deviation: The Barnes Foundation Litigation 372 Notes & Questions 376 Problems 379 6 • Art Merchants—Auction Houses and Dealers 381 Section A. The Sale Transaction 382 Phoenix Ancient Art, S.A. v. Kimbell Art Foundation 382 Weil v. Murray 385 Notes & Questions 390 Section B. Sales on Consignment: The Fiduciary Relationship 395 Cristallina S.A. v. Christie, Manson & Woods International, Inc. 395 Greenwood v. Koven 403 Notes 415 Problem 423 Section C. Special Relationship between Merchant and Artist 424 In the Matter of the Estate of Mark Rothko 424 Notes & Questions 430 Note: Artist Consignments 432 Illinois Consignment of Art Act 433 Notes & Questions 436 7 • Questions of Quality and Authenticity 437 Section A. Law before the Uniform Commercial Code 438 1. Common Law Theories 438 Jendwine v. Slade 438 Power v. Barham 439 Notes 441 2. Uniform Sales Act 443 Weisz v. Parke-Bernet Galleries, Inc. 443 Notes and Question 444 Section B. Uniform Commercial Code 445 1. Barring a Claim 448 Krahmer v. Christie’s Inc. 448 Krahmer v. Christie’s Inc. 458 De Sole v. Knoedler Gallery, LLC 465 Notes & Questions 483 2. Was a Warranty Given? 488 Rogath v. Siebenmann 488 Notes & Questions 492 Note: Art Market Legislation 494 Notes & Questions 496 gerstenblith 4e 00 fmt F2a.qxp 5/13/19 10:27 AM Page xi CONTENTS xi 3. Breach of the Warranty of Authenticity 497 Levin v. Gallery 63 Antiques Corp. 497 Notes & Questions 510 Problems 512 Note: Detection of Forgeries 513 Section C. Liability for Authentication 518 Hahn v. Duveen 518 Bilinski v. Keith Haring Found., Inc. 523 Notes & Questions 535 Problem 539 Note: Artist-Endowed Foundations and Authentication Boards 539 8 • Recovery and Bars to Recovery of Stolen Art and Cultural Property 543 Section A. Entrustment and Voidable Title 545 Porter v. Wertz 546 Notes & Question 551 Problem 555 Section B. Time Bars to Recovery: Statutes of Limitation and the Equitable Defenses 556 1. Statutes of Limitation: The Demand and Refusal Rule 557 Kunstsammlungen zu Weimar v. Elicofon 557 Notes & Questions 562 Problem 564 2. Statutes of Limitation: Constructive Discovery and Due Diligence 564 O’Keeffe v. Snyder 564 Notes & Questions 575 Problem 579 3. Statutes of Limitation: Actual Discovery 580 Naftzger v. American Numismatic Society 580 Notes & Questions 584 4. Demand and Refusal Revisited and the Equitable Defenses 586 Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation v. Lubell 586 Bakalar v. Vavra 591 Notes & Questions 599 Section C. Art Merchant Liability for Breach of Warranty of Title 607 1. Statutes of Limitation for Breach of Warranty of Title 608 Doss v. Christie’s 608 Notes & Questions 611 2. Damages for Breach of Warranty of Title 612 Menzel v. List 612 Notes & Questions 614 Section D. Civil Law Good Faith Purchaser Doctrine and Choice of Law 618 Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox Church of Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus v. Goldberg & Feldman Fine Arts, Inc. 619 gerstenblith 4e 00 fmt F2a.qxp 5/13/19 10:27 AM Page xii xii CONTENTS Bakalar v. Vavra 645 Notes & Questions 653 Section E. Defenses based on Sovereignty 658 1. Act of State Doctrine 658 Menzel v. List 659 Notes & Questions 668 Konowaloff v. Metropolitan Museum of Art 670 Notes 675 2. Immunity from Seizure 677 Notes 680 3. Foreign Sovereign Immunity 681 Republic of Austria v. Altmann 681 Williams v. National Gallery of Art 692 Notes & Questions 702 Note: Iranian Artifacts in U.S. Institutions 706 Part III : Cultural Heritage 709 9 • Cultural Heritage in Time of War and in the Aftermath of War 711 Section A. Development of the Law of Armed Conflict as Applied to Cultural Heritage 711 1. Early Development 711 2. Napoleon and Developments of the Nineteenth Century 714 The Marquis de Somerueles 716 Notes & Questions 718 Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field (The Lieber Code) 721 3. The 1954 Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and Its Protocols 722 a. Preamble 723 b. Definition of Cultural Property 723 c. Obligations during War and Occupation 724 d. First Protocol 725 e.