The Letter 6 of the Collège de France ACADEMIC YEAR 2010-2011 N° 6 Teaching research in the making The Collège de France was created in 1530 by King Francis I The Collège’s motto is Docet omnia: the vocation to teach everything The lectures are open to anyone, there are no registration fees and no degrees are awarded The programme is changed each year Diffusion of knowledge • Lectures, seminars, guest lecturers from abroad, international and multidisciplinary conferences: attended by 140,000 people annually • Publications and institutional review (printing and electronic publications): abstracts of work under way (Yearbook), Inaugural lectures, reopening symposiums and guest professors’ lectures, The Letter of the Collège de France • Website in French and English (www.college-de-france.fr): 2,100,000 visits (5,750 visits/day), 17,900,000 hours of lessons download in 2011, audio and video retransmissions • Lectures broadcast by France-Culture (1,000,000 listeners/month) 57 Chairs • 52 Chairs + 5 Chairs renewed annually (Artistic Creation, Information Technology and Digital Sciences, Knowledge against Poverty, Sustainable Development–Environment, Energy and Society, Technological Innovation Liliane Bettencourt) • Promoting the emergence of new disciplines • Multidisciplinary approach to cutting-edge research • Creation of a new Chair in the scientifi c domain of every nominated professor (Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, Biology and Medicine, Philosophy, Sociology, Economics, Archaeology, History, Study of the great civilizations, Linguistics and Literature) International relations • Lectures and conferences delivered abroad • The professors may deliver some of their lectures abroad (Agreements with: Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, China, Germany, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Sweden, Switzerland, USA) • Agreements with Institut Français • Foreign professors invited • Programme for hosting post-doctoral researchers from abroad Research at the Collège de France and training through research • 5 institutes (Institute of Biology, Institute of the Contemporary World, Institute of Oriental Studies, Institute of Literary Studies, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology–CIRB) • 20 laboratories hosted on the site or outside • 300 researchers • 166 PhD students and post-doctoral students • 68 agreements with graduate schools • 315 engineers, technicians and administrative staff • 12 research teams hosted 6 • Affi liated organizations: Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Universities, EPHE, EHESS, Pasteur Institute, INRIA The Collège de France libraries A heritage of rare books and some of the best specialized libraries in Europe Open to a public of outside specialists • General library: 120,000 books • Social anthropology library: 29,000 books • Libraries of the Oriental Studies Institute: Egyptology, Ancient Near East, Byzantium, Arab, Turkish and Islamic Studies, Far East (India, Tibet, China, Korea, Japan): 500,000 books Budget • Operating budget: €14,9m State grant: €7,9m Own income: €1m Institutional contracts : €6m • Total payroll: €22,5m Sponsorship and philanthropy • Collège de France Foundation • Private sponsors and businesses • Collège de France Hugot Foundation • Donations and legacies Relations with the business world • Contracts with industry • Budé Committee, corporate managers club “What the Collège de France is expected to bring to its audiences is not established knowledge, but the idea of free research.” (Ce que le Collège de France, depuis sa fondation, est chargé de donner à ses auditeurs, ce ne sont pas des vérités acquises, c’est l’idée d’une recherche libre.) Maurice Merleau-Ponty Selected Papers The articles included in this issue of The Letter of the Collège de France in English are a selection of papers originally published in La lettre du Collège de France nos. 30, 31 and 32 (Academic Year 2010-2011). Editorial 5 Pierre Corvol INAUGURAL LECTURES Ismail Serageldin 9 Knowledge against Poverty, Academic Year 2010/2011 Anselm Kiefer 10 Artistic Creation, Academic Year 2010/2011 Jean-Marie Tarascon 11 Sustainable Development - Environment, Energy and Society, Academic Year 2010/2011 Elias Zerhouni 12 Technological Innovation Liliane Bettencourt, Academic Year 2010/2011 Clément Sanchez 13 Chemistry of Hybrid Materials Martin Abadi 14 Information Technology and Digital Sciences, Academic Year 2010/2011 Claudine Tiercelin 15 Metaphysics and Philosophy of Knowledge Barbara Romanowicz 16 Physics of the Earth’s Interior Autumn symposium 2010 17 Globalization of Research: Competition, Cooperation, Restructuring SPECIAL REPORT: CHEMISTRY AT THE COLLÈGE DE FRANCE Perspectives in Chemistry: Molecular, Supramolecular, 20 Adaptive... Jean-Marie Lehn Chemistry at the Interface with Biology: a Science for Today 22 and Tomorrow Marc Fontecave Laboratory of Condensed Matter Chemistry 24 Chemistry of Hybrid Materials Jacques Livage, Clément Sanchez Chemistry for Better Energy Management 28 Jean-Marie Tarascon SUMMARY Chemistry at the Collège de France 30 From Analysis to Synthesis, a Science in Constant Evolution Jacques Livage 6 CHAIRS Creation of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research 36 in Biology—CIRB Alain Prochiantz The Host-Microbiota Relationship: How Deep goes 38 the Symbiosis? Philippe Sansonetti Impact of literacy on the Brain 40 Stanislas Dehaene Uses and Abuses of the Great Learning (China, Korea, Japan) 42 Anne Cheng Books & Ideas 43 Pierre Rosanvallon Politics, Religion and Secularism: Theoretical Perspectives and 44 Contemporary Debate Pierre Rosanvallon Paris in America 46 Mireille Delmas-Marty Hosting Young Researchers from Abroad 47 Ismail Serageldin Abolishing Hunger in the World 48 Ismail Serageldin INTERNATIONAL The Collège de France: An Exportable Model? 50 Pierre Corvol The Collège Belgique 51 Hervé Hasquin INVITED PROFESSORS SUMMARY Susan S. Taylor 52 cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase & the Regulation of Cell Signaling by Protein Phosphorylation Hans Helander 53 The Roles of Latin in Early Modern Europe Jacob L. Wright 55 Making a Name for Oneself: Procreation, Martial Prowess and Heroic Death Luiz Davidovich 56 Entanglement, Decoherence and Quantum Metrology Martin Kern 58 Authorship and the Shijing Fate and Heroism in Early Chinese Poetry Brett Finlay 60 The Microbial Menace in Infectious Diseases Carla Shatz 61 Dynamic Interplay between Nature and Nurture in Brain Wiring Chris Frith 63 Social Cognitive Neuroscience Uta Frith 65 Social Cognitive Neuroscience YOUNG RESEARCHERS 66 INTERVIEW Jacques Bouveresse 67 DIGITAL PUBLISHING Online publications and e-books at the Collège de France 71 What is a Book? 75 Roger Chartier Excerpts: The Case for Books. Past, Present and Future 78 Robert Darnton English Website 79 OBITUARY Pierre Hadot 80 Jacqueline de Romilly 82 FACTS AND DATA The Collège de France’s Scientifi c and Strategic Orientation 86 Committee (COSS) Collège de France Organization Chart 88 Lectures given by the Professors Abroad 90 Partnership between the Collège de France and the 91 Institut Français Lectures and Lectures Series by Foreign Professors 92 Events at the Collège de France, 2010-2011 94 Research Teams Hosted 96 Temporary Position at the Collège de France 2011-2012 96 (Maîtres de Conférences and Ater) Publications 2010-2011 97 Autumn Symposium 2011: The Life of Forms 98 4 The Letter 6 Campus Plan, Labex, Equipex, Idex…: Why and How the Collège de France has engaged in Competition for Investments for the Future It is widely agreed that knowledge and research appear to be priorities in a world fraught with uncertainty regarding the directions to take to solve its demographic, economic and ecological problems. Many countries, including those known as emergent, have clearly understood this and are developing means to ensure that they will eventually be leaders in these fi elds. In today’s world, higher education and research can be conceived of only in an international context. Although France EDITORIAL ranks between 4th and 7th globally for its scientifi c production, Prof. Pierre Corvol 1and 4th and 2nd, respectively, for the number of its Nobel laureates and Fields medals, Administrator of the this status is by no means guaranteed indefi nitely and must be strengthened even Collège de France further. Holder of the Chair of For these reasons, the French government has decided to substantially increase funding Experimental Medicine for higher education and research. Rather than granting funds to individual institutions, it has opted for a strategy of providing additional funds to institutions that group together. The aim is to create high-level, coherent research and education entities which are internationally competitive and visible. Two series of measures have been implemented, the “Plan Campus” and the “Grand Emprunt”: 1/ In 2008, a ‘Campus Plan’ was adopted with the aim of grouping together several institutions in the form of centres (“poles”) of higher education and research (PRES— Pôles de recherche et d’enseignement), and to enable them to promote a policy of property development on their site. 2/ As part of the “Grand Emprunt” (“Big Loan”) scheme, a very considerable sum was allocated by the government to higher education and research (close to 20 billion Euros). The Grand Emprunt put out several calls for proposals designed to support research. Project proposals had to be submitted by several laboratories working in partnership: either laboratories of excellence (Labex) or facilities of excellence (Equipex). The “excellence initiative” (IDEX) call for proposals by the