ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH KOREA: DEVELOPING A HOLISTIC MANAGEMENT PLANNING MODEL FOR BURIED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES HWA JONG LEE Supervisors: Tim Williams Joe Flatman Paper submitted to the Institute of Archaeology, University College of London, for degree of PhD 1 2 I, HWA JONG LEE confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 3 Abstract As the standard of living rose in South Korea a wider range of people became interested in archaeological heritage and its management. Specifically, since the 1990s, rescue archaeology became an issue of wider social concern: there was a paradigm shift from simply the protection of archaeological sites, under pressure from development, to the use of sites as a social resource. This transformation presented a number of challenges regarding unexcavated archaeological sites in the planning process, decision-making on preservation in-situ (as opposed to ‘preservation by record’), and the nature of display or reburial. This research aimed to develop a management planning model to face these challenges. The research focused on archaeological sites, partly because of their ability to engage social issues in contemporary South Korea, and partly because of the complexity of managing the resource, due to the ‘invisibility’ of unexcavated archaeology and the often fragile nature of the remains. In order to build this model, the research explored international theories and approaches, and set these within the context of South Korean Archaeological Resource Management, to produce an intellectual framework. The research explores four broad topics – who, why, what, and how – through complex issues such as identity, ownership, participation, assessment, conservation/protection, interpretation and presentation. The model involves principles for management 4 (including participatory planning, transparent assessment of values, and defined management strategies). This leads to a road map for planning: Stage 1 (Identifying) explores activities such as team building, documentation and vision, under the principle of participatory planning; Stage 2 (Assessment) approaches the assessment of values and significance, and the role of decision-making and governance, using principles of transparency; Stage 3 (Responding) develops approaches to creating management strategies, specific to time and spatial scales; and Stage 4 (Reviewing and Revision) investigates the processes of monitoring and review, within a flexible framework. 5 CONTENTS Abstract …………………………………………………………………………... 4 List of Contents …………………………………………………………………….. 6 List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………. 11 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 17 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................... 17 1.2 The nature of buried archaeological sites and their management .................... 21 1.3 Site discovery in South Korea .......................................................................... 23 1.4 The growth of rescue archaeology in South Korea .......................................... 26 1.5 Conclusion – Research goals ............................................................................ 40 1.6 Methodology .................................................................................................... 44 1.6.1 Literature reviews ..................................................................................... 44 1.6.2 Comparative analysis ................................................................................ 45 1.6.3 Interviews and questionnaires with South Korean professionals .............. 46 Interviews .......................................................................................... 47 Questionnaires ................................................................................... 49 1.6.4 Case studies ............................................................................................... 52 Aims ................................................................................................... 52 Case-study selection .......................................................................... 52 Approach to the case studies .............................................................. 55 1.6.5 Model building .......................................................................................... 55 Building intellectual approaches for a model .................................... 56 Developing planning procedures and steps for specific issues and challenges in South Korea ................................................................................... 56 2 Theoretical context: the development of Archaeological Resource Management in an international context .................................................................... 58 2.1 Changing issues in international context .......................................................... 58 2.2 The Subject: ‘who’- by whom and for whom .................................................. 62 2.2.1 Managed by whom? .................................................................................. 63 From the administrative management ............................................... 63 Via institutional management ............................................................ 66 Management with the public ............................................................. 69 2.2.2 Managed for whom? ................................................................................. 71 From the resource .............................................................................. 71 For the people .................................................................................... 72 Use of resource .................................................................................. 73 2.3 The Subject: ‘why’- ownership and identity .................................................... 75 2.3.1 Ownership and archaeological resources .................................................. 75 Physical ownership; international trends ........................................... 75 Intellectual ownership ........................................................................ 77 2.3.2 Identity and archaeological resources ....................................................... 78 Formation and protection of identity with archaeological resources . 78 2.4 The Object of the management: ‘What’- value, assessment and authenticity.. 81 2.4.1 The value of archaeological resources ...................................................... 81 From tangible to intangible ................................................................ 81 The traditional values to socio-economic values ............................... 83 2.4.2 Assessing values and planning model ....................................................... 86 6 2.4.3 Authenticity ............................................................................................... 88 Physical integrity to the intangible authenticity ................................ 89 Diversity in authenticity..................................................................... 90 2.5 The Object of the management; ‘How’-assessment and interpretation & presentation ................................................................................................................. 92 2.5.1 Presentation & interpretation and education ............................................. 92 Presentation & interpretation ............................................................. 92 Education and archaeological resources ............................................ 95 3 Case studies in South Korean site management: background .......................... 97 3.1 Jeongokri Prehistoric Site ................................................................................. 97 3.1.1 Background ............................................................................................... 97 Discovery of site and archaeological value ....................................... 97 Public awareness of site values with onsite archaeological festival .. 98 3.1.2 Management planning ............................................................................. 106 3.2 Sosadong ........................................................................................................ 109 3.2.1 Background ............................................................................................. 109 Discovery of site and archaeological value ..................................... 109 Post treatment of the excavation ...................................................... 113 3.2.2 Management planning ............................................................................. 114 4 Current approaches to Archaeological Resource Management in South Korea: issues and challenges ...................................................................................... 120 4.1 The development of the legal framework ....................................................... 120 4.2 A field in its infancy ....................................................................................... 122 4.3 The Subject: ‘who’- by whom and for whom? ............................................... 124 4.3.1 Managed by whom? ................................................................................ 124 Range of stakeholders