MASTER THESIS Deploying contrail forecasting service to reduce the impact of aviation on Environment Supervisors: Dr. Wolfram Hardt Dirk Schindler Chair of Computer Engineering Technical Manager - Faculty of Computer Science Operations Support Systems TU Chemnitz AIRBUS Defence & Space A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in AUTOMOTIVE SOFTWARE ENGINEERING TU CHEMNITZ by Tejashree Chhajed MTR.-NO. : 335478 FEBRUARY 14, 2016 ABSTRACT he principal objective of this thesis is to propose a Contrail forecasting Service for Aviation(ConSA) and a ConSA client to demonstrate the service. The subject Tis motivated by the fact that Contrails have a very harmful effect on the environ- ment and it has been researched thoroughly by scientists. But still we do not have an infrastructure to include these researches in the Aviation industry. This thesis has been conducted at Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany. The first part of the thesis investigates the existence of contrails. The object of interest i.e. Contrails is caused by the passage of aeroplanes in ice-saturated areas. The algorithm which is used by the service is a part of the research conducted by Prof. Dr. Ulrich Schumann. The input dataset provided by Meteo France is a 4D weather cube. The algorithm computes a threshold temperature and ice supersaturation condition. When both of these conditions are satisfied Contrail formation is certain. In the second part we explain the architecture and solution used i.e. OGC (Open Geospa- tial Consortium) and LuciadLightspeed to develop Web Services to deploy contrail forecasting methods. Such an architecture fast forwards and eases the task of developer by having inbuilt methods and interfaces. The OGC web services infrastructure has de- fined web feature service and client interface which ease development of geoinformatics solutions. We also use certain standards like WXXM for exchange of contrail information which will be stated in this chapter. The third part is about the detailed implementation of the ConSA service and client. In this chapter we explain the service and client with uml diagrams to clarify the development concepts. The final part of the thesis explains the results of ConSA service and client, operational benefits of ConSA and concludes the thesis. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS oremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Dirk Schindler for his immense knowledge, guidance, patience and support. Without his rigorous Fefforts this thesis would not have been completed. He has been a mentor every student would like to learn from. I would like to thank Robin Houtmeyers from Luciad for his guidance, support and for being there for all the queries. I would like to thank Prof. Ulrich Schumann for his guidance and support. I thank Airbus Defence and Space, Luciad, DLR and Meteo France for graciously providing their research, software and dataset. My experience at Airbus Defence and Space has been a journey of research, I always wanted to undertake. I thank my boyfriend Surajit Dutta for his love, encouragement and care. He has been besides me for everything, everytime. A special thanks to Merecedes Cabezos Bueno who has been more than a landlady. I thank her for making settling in Deutschland so easy. I also thank her for teaching German, offering the delicious food, the car rides and the hardwork in shifting belongings to new flats. I thank all my friends in Lindau, Jekin Trivedi, Prajakta Bhagwat and Shashikant Chavan for the boat rides, amazing dinners and parties. I finish with India, where my source of inspiration resides: my family. My mother Sunita Chhajed loved me unconditionally no matter I failed or succeeded. It was her who was always besides me. My father Rajkumar Chhajed taught me to always try and never give up. I owe them my entire self. My grand parents loved me and gave up many things for my dreams and my brother Kunal Chhajed was my companion in studies, fun and in the stupidest things in life. I thank them all and wish to have them forever in my life. ii To my parents TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction1 1.1 Background................................ 2 1.1.1 Formation of Contrails...................... 4 1.1.2 Impacts to Environment...................... 5 1.1.3 Radiative forcing......................... 7 1.2 Challenges................................. 7 1.3 Contributions and Thesis Overview.................... 8 2 State of the art 11 2.1 Related Work ............................... 12 2.1.1 Statistical Contrail Forecasting.................. 12 2.1.2 Prediction of Persistent Contrail Occurrence........... 12 2.1.3 Contrail Cirrus Prediction Tool ................. 13 2.2 Proposed approach ............................ 14 2.2.1 Meteo Dataset........................... 14 2.2.2 Flight Dataset........................... 16 2.2.3 Algorithm............................. 18 3 Architecture and Solution 22 3.1 Geographic Information Systems..................... 22 3.2 LuciadLightspeed............................. 24 3.2.1 Powerful Features......................... 28 3.2.2 Benefits of Geospatial display .................. 29 3.3 Web Services ............................... 29 3.3.1 Open Geospatial Consortium................... 29 3.3.2 OGC standards .......................... 30 3.4 OGC Web Services............................ 31 3.4.1 Web Map Service......................... 32 3.4.2 Web Feature Service ....................... 34 3.4.3 Web Coverage Service ...................... 37 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.5 Information exchange format....................... 39 3.6 OGC Web Server Suite.......................... 43 3.6.1 LuciadLightspeed NetCDF Industry Specific Component . 46 3.6.2 LuciadLightspeed WXXM Industry Specific Component . 48 4 Implementation 49 4.1 Inputs from other projects......................... 50 4.2 Service overview ............................. 51 4.3 Service interface specifications...................... 52 4.3.1 ConSA Service.......................... 52 4.3.2 ConSA Client........................... 54 4.4 Service dynamic behaviour........................ 55 4.4.1 The ConSA Service........................ 55 4.4.2 The ConSA Client ........................ 55 4.5 Technical Architecture .......................... 56 5 Results and Evaluation 59 5.1 Algorithm Evaluation........................... 59 5.2 Validation and Verification ........................ 64 5.3 ConSA evaluation............................. 64 6 Conclusion 65 6.1 Thesis implications............................ 66 6.2 Benefits .................................. 68 6.3 Future Scope ............................... 71 7 Appendix A 72 7.1 ConSA service physical interface description .............. 72 7.2 ConSA service: OGC WFS capabilities.................. 72 7.3 Example of a Contrail object representation in WXXM 2.0 . 77 Bibliography 79 v LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page 5.1 The above table is a given by DLR. It has input and output data to check the correctness of the Contral forecasting algorithm. The G and U values are given and we check if the algorithm outputs the TLC and TLM (temperature) values as given in the table. As it matched completely the algorithm was correct. .................................... 63 vi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page 1.1 Sesar Objectives................................ 3 1.2 Exhaust Contrails............................... 4 1.3 Aero dynamic Contrails............................ 4 1.4 Persistent Contrails.............................. 5 1.5 Countries ratifying the Doha amendment................... 6 1.6 Radiative Forcing induced by aviation.................... 7 2.1 Contrails.................................... 11 2.2 MET-GATE.................................. 15 2.3 MET-ATM SWIM services.......................... 16 2.4 ADS-B .................................... 17 2.5 Schmidt-Appleman Criterion......................... 20 3.1 Model View Controller mind map ...................... 25 3.2 Application development process....................... 25 3.3 An aerodrome style descriptor and aerodrome layer............. 27 3.4 Airspace in 3D ................................ 27 3.5 Airspace in 3D ................................ 27 3.6 OGC standards ................................ 31 3.7 OGC Web Service............................... 32 3.8 Web Map Service............................... 33 3.9 Web Feature Service ............................. 35 3.10 Web Coverage Service ............................ 37 3.11 WXXM.................................... 41 3.12 NetCDF.................................... 43 3.13 Architecture of the Luciad WMS server.................... 44 3.14 Architecture using the Luciad WCS server................... 45 3.15 Architecture using the Luciad WFS server................... 46 3.16 Integrating NetCDF imagery into your application.............. 47 4.1 Contrail Service - flow of data ........................ 50 vii LIST OF FIGURES 4.2 ConSA Client- flow of data.......................... 51 4.3 ConSA overview [Operational node connectivity description . 52 4.4 ConSA Service interface specification .................... 53 4.5 ConSA Service interface specification .................... 54 4.6 The sequence diagram illustrates the dynamic behaviour of the ConSA Service 55 4.7 The sequence diagram illustrates the dynamic behaviour of the ConSA Client 56 4.8 The sequence diagram illustrates the dynamic behaviour of the ConSA Client 57 4.9 The sequence diagram illustrates the dynamic behaviour of the ConSA Client 58 6.1 4D corridor showing contrail probability