www.GetPedia.com SOFTWARE,ARCtilTECTURE~: Frank Buschmann Regine Meunier Hans Rohnert Peter Sommerlad Michael Stal of Siemens AG, Germany JOHN WILEY & SONS Chichester New York Brisbane Toronto Singapore Copyright (C) 1996 by John. Wiley & Sons Ltd, Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 lUD, England National 01243779777 International (+44) 1243 779777 e-mail (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on http://www.wiley.co.uk or http: / /www.wiley.com Reprinted October 1996 All rights reserved. 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Table of Contents About this Book xi Guide to the Reader xvii 1 Patterns . 1 1.1 What is a Pattern? . 2 1.2 What Makes a Pattern? . 8 1.3 Pattern Categories . 11 1.4 Relationships between Patterns . 16 1.5 Pattern Description . 19 1.6 Patterns and Software Architecture . 2 1 1.7 Summary . 24 2 Architectural Patterns ........... 25 2.1 Introduction ......... .......... .......... 26 2.2 From Mud to Structure .................. 29 Layers ................................ 31 Pipes and Filters ........................ 53 Blackboard ........................ 71 Distributed Systems ...................... 97 Broker ................................ 99 Interactive Systems ...................... 123 Model-View-Controller ................ 125 Presentation-Abstraction-control 145 Adaptable Systems ........... 169 Microkernel ............................ 171 Reflection .............................. 193 viii Contents 3 Design Patterns .................... ... 221 3.1 Introduction ........................ ... 222 3.2 Structural Decomposition ................. 223 Whole-Part ............................ 225 Organization of Work ..................... 243 Master-Slave ........................... 245 Access Control ......................... 261 Proxy ................................ 263 Management ........................... 276 Command Processor ...................... 277 View Handler ........................... 291 Communication ......................... 305 Forwarder-Receiver .................. ... 307 Client-Dispatcher-Server .................. 323 Publisher-Subscriber ................. .. .. 339 4 Idioms ............................... 345 4.1 Introduction ........................... 346 4.2 What Can Idioms Provide? ................. 346 4.3 Idioms and Style ........................ 348 4.4 Where Can You Find Idioms? .............. 350 Counted Pointer ..................... I. .. 353 5 PatternSystems .................... ... 359 5.1 What is a Pattern System? ............. ... 360 5.2 Pattern Classification ................. .. 362 5.3 Pattern Selection ........................ 368 5.4 Pattern Systems as Implementation Guidelines . 370 5.5 The Evolution of Pattern Systems ........... 374 5.6 summary ............................. 381 ix 6 Patterns and Software Architecture . 383 6.1 Introduction . 384 6.2 Patterns in Software Architecture . 39 1 6.3 Enabling Techniques for Software Architecture . 397 6.4 Non-functional Properties of Software Architecture 404 6.5 Summary . 411 7 The Pattern Community ................. 413 7.1 TheRoots .............................. 414 7.2 Leading Figures and their Work ............. 415 7.3 TheCommunity ......................... 416 8 Where Will Patterns Go? ................. 419 8.1 Pattern Mining .......................... 420 8.2 Pattern Organization and Indexing ........... 423 8.3 Methods and Tools ....................... 424 8.4 Algorithms, Data Structures and Patterns ..... 426 8.5 Formalizing Patterns ..................... 427 8.6 A Final Remark ......................... 428 Notations Glossary . References Index of Patterns 455 Patterns . Somewhere in the deeply remote past it seriously traumatized a small random group of atoms drifting through the empty sterility of space and made them cling together in the most extraordinarily unlikely patterns. These patterns quickly learnt to copy themselves (this was part of what was so extraordinary about the patterns) and went on to cause massive trouble on eve y planet they drifted on to. That was how life began in the Universe . Douglas Adams, The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy Patterns help you build on the collective experience of skilled software engineers. They capture existing, well-proven experience in software development and help to promote good design practise. Every pattern deals with a specific, recurring problem in the design or implementa- tion of a software system. Patterns can be used to construct software architectures with specific properties. In this chapter we give an in-depth explanation of what patterns for software architecture are, and how they help you build software. 2 Patterns 1.1 What is a Pattern? When experts work on a particular problem, it is unusual for them to tackle it by inventing a new solution that is completely distinct from existing ones. They often recall a similar problem they have already solved, and reuse the essence of its solution to solve the new problem. This kind of ‘expert behavior’, the thinking in problem-solution pairs, is common to many different domains, such as architecture [Ale79], economics [Etz64] and software engineering [BJ94]. It is a natural way of coping with any kind of problem or social interaction [NS72]. Here is an elegant and intuitive example of such a problem-solution pair, taken from architecture: Example Window Place [AIS77]: Everybody loves window seats, bay windows, and big windows with low sills and comfortable chairs drawn up to them. ..A room which does not have a place like this seldom allows you to feel comfortable or perfectly at ease.. If the room contains no window which is a “place”, a person in the room will be torn between two forces: 1. He wants to sit down and be comfortable. 2. He is drawn toward the light. Obviously, if the comfortable places-those places in the room where you most want to sit-are away from the windows, there is no way of overcoming this conflict.. Therefore: In every room where you spend any length of time during the day, make at least one window into a “window place” low sill Window place What is a Pattern? 3 Abstracting from specific problem-solution pairs and distilling out common factors leads to patterns: These problem-solution pairs tend to fall into families of similar problems and solutions with each family exhibiting a pattern in both the problems and the solutions’ [Joh94]. In his book The Timeless Way of Building [Ale79] (p. 247), the architect Christopher Alexander defines the term pattern as follows: Each pattern is a three-part rule, which expresses a relation between a certain context. a problem, and a solution. As an element in the world, each pattern is a relationship between a certain context. a certain system of forces which occurs repeatedly in that context, and a certain spatial configuration which allows these forces to resolve themselves. As an element of language, a pattern is an instruction, which shows how this spatial configuration can be used, over and over again, to resolve the given system of forces, wherever the context makes it relevant. The pattern is. in short, at the same time a thing, which happens in the world, and the rule which tells us how to create that thing, and when we must create it. It is both a process and a thing; both a description of a thing which is alive, and a description of the process which will generate that thing. We also find many patterns in software architecture. Experts in software engineering know these patterns from practical experience and follow them in developing applications with specific properties. They use them to solve design problems both effectively and elegantly. Before discussing this in detail, let us look