'PERCEPTIONS OF THE 'RED PERIL": THE NATIONAL PARTY'S CHANGING PORTRAYAL OF THE 'COMMUNIST THREAT' C.1985 - FEBRUARY 1990. by Katherine Cartwright WLLKAT007 Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts in Historical Studies Department of Historical Studies Faculty of the Humanities University of Cape Town 2002 This work has not been previously submitted in whole, or in part, for the award of any degree. It is my own work. Each significant contribution to, and quotation in, this dissertation from the work, or works, of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. Town 2 September 2002. Cape of University Page 1 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Abstract: For the National Party of South Africa, Communism was simultaneously a legitimate concern and a useful concept with which to attract voters and deflect criticism. The threat of Communism was frequently allied with the threat of African nationalism in National Party discourse during the apartheid era. The alliance between the African National Congress and the South African Communist Party, and the Soviet's role in supporting various governments and opposition movements on the subcontinent lent credence to the National Party's stance. This study, believed to be the first of its kind on the subject, examined the National Party's perception of the Communist 'threat' or 'red peril' from c.1985 until February 1990, at a time when the Communist's role on the subcontinent was changing but 'revolutionary' unrest in South Africa was escalating. The study culminated in an assessment of National Party discourse prior to and during February 1990 to decipher the influence of the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe on the decision to lift the bans on the ANC, SACP and PAC. Secondary research examined the facets of the Communist 'threat' in South Africa. Primary research used the South African Survey, the parliamentary Hansard, key journals, party and sub-national newspapers, the papers of P. W. Botha and F. W de Klerk, and party electioneering material to analyse National Party references to the Communist 'threat'. In addition F. W. de Klerk, and his co-author, David Steward were interviewed. The analysis was necessarily qualitative, but the volume of evidence gathered enabled a number of insights to be advanced. The National Party's references to the Communist 'threat' changed during the period in response to political settlement in South West Africa/Namibia, the increased pressure from the West to abolish apartheid, and to domestic political challenges both from traditional sources of opposition and traditional sources of support. The confusion caused by the changing loci of domestic political opposition and international criticism was also evident. While the portrayal of a Soviet driven Communist threat declined in party discourse and the National Party posited a more constructive approach to socio-economic aspects of the Communist threat (in the face of Conservative Party opposition), the portrayal of a military and political threat from Communist-backed forces remained common until 1989. The discourse between 1985-89 did not anticipate the lifting of the ban on the ANC-SACP alliance who were portrayed in party rhetoric as being committed to Communism, and therefore illegitimate negotiating partners, as late as July 1989. Page 2 In this context the study examined the February 1990 lifting of the ban on the ANC-SACP alliance, against the background of the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe. The study demonstrated de Klerk's misjudgement of the ANC and his belief that as a result of the collapse of Communism, the initiative could be seized at the ANC's expense, to create a new political dispensation that still 'protected' the white minority. 1. Introduction 5 1. 1. Methodology 11 2. The role of the Soviet Union and the spectre of Communism in Southern Africa 16 2.1. 'Comrades against apartheid' The ANC, SACP and the Soviet Union 16 2. 1. 1. Pre-war Contacts Between the Liberation and Communist Movements 16 2.1.2. Developments between the ANC and the SACP in the 1950s 17 2.1. 3. The Congress Movement and the Freedom Charter 18 2.1.4. Closer ANC-SACP contact: Developments of the 1960s 21 2.1.5. Closer Communist I African National Congress Co-operation 23 2.1.6. 'Colonialism of a Special Type' and the Revolutionary Council 24 2.1.7. Depictions of Individuals' Roles 24 2.1.8. Soviet Assistance to the ANC-SACP Alliance 26 2.2. The Soviets, the Sub-Continent and the South African Response 28 2.2.1. Soviet Intervention in the Front-Line States, 1974-84 28 2.3. Anti-Communism in Post-War South Africa 32 2.3.1. Anti-Communism in Foreign and Diplomatic Discourse 34 2.3.2. Anti-Communism on the Home Front 36 2.3.3. The 'Total Onslaught' and 'Total-Counter-Revolutionary Strategy' 38 2.4. Anti-Communism in Broader Discourse since 1950 39 3. The International Front: Soviet Communism and South Africa 45 3.1. 'The Concentration of World Evil is There': Depictions of the Soviet Union, 1985-87 49 3.2. 'A Seriously Ill Man': Depictions of the Soviet Union, 1988-90 56 3.3. 'Better to have Sworn Enemies than .. this kind of Friend': The Portrayal of the Communist threat vis a vis the West, 1985-89 60 4. The Military Onslaught 67 4.1. 'Moscow's Springboard': The Depiction of the Namibian Situation and Explanations of Cross-Border Raids, 1985-87 69 Page 3 4.2. 'War is War, Negotiation is War, Peace is War':Cuito Cuanavale, Military Setback and Independence for Namibia, 1987-89 73 4.3. 'The Minimum to Develop Constitutionally': The Military Budget 1985-89 76 4.4. •A Cloak of Respectability': Responses to the End Conscription Campaign and Criticism of the Defence Force, 1985-88 78 5. The Socio-Economic Onslaught 84 5.1. 'Experienced and Hardened Advisers': Explanations for Unrest, 1987-89 85 5.2. 'Revolutionary agents': The School Children's Uprising 88 5.3. 'Defusing Revolutionary Unrest': Justifying Security Measures and the State of Emergency, 1985-87 90 5.4. ' .. Good Health Services and Prosperity ... the Answer to Communism?': Rationale For Reform, 1987-89 92 6. The Religious Onslaught 98 7. The Political onslaught 103 7. 1. •Also Members of the SACP' .. Depictions of the ANC alliance 1985-87 107 7.2. 'Useful Idiots': Depictions of the ANC in Response to its Increased Publicity 111 7.3. 'Stripped of pretence .. ' Depictions of the ANC-SACP alliance 1987-89 116 7.4. 'Frightening White Voters Back into the Laager' The Communist Threat During Elections 122 8. The Transition 131 8. 1. South African Politics and the Global Context, August - November 1989 131 8.2. 2February1990 132 8.3. F. W. de Klerk's perceptions of Communism 136 9. Conclusion: the myths we live by 143 10. Bibliography 147 11. Abbreviations 156 Page 4 1. Introduction "Gogga maak vir baba bang' goes an old Afrikaans saying- bogey scares baby. But if the gogga is no longer scary, if the Russian bear has turned into a teddy, how do you keep baby clinging to Mama?' Allister Sparks, The Mind of South Africa, (London, 1990). 1 Fear of Communism and anti-Communism were potent motivating forces in white South Africa, particularly between 1945 and 1992. 2 This study examines the National Party's portrayal of the 'Communist threat' during the final years of apartheid and of Soviet Communism. Many journalists, 3 historians and political scientists4 have argued that Communism was used as a 'bogey' in South Africa throughout the era of Nationalist hegemony (1948-90). There is certainly a wealth of evidence to back up the argument that the 'Communist threat' was over emphasised by the National Party (NP), (chapter 2 below). Members of the governing National Party frequently referred to the Communist threat at times when the legitimacy, feasibility or morality of the apartheid system was in question, or when South Africa faced international or regional condemnation. During the late 1980s and the early 1990s, the 'Communist threat' to the Southern African sub-continent appeared to diminish and the dynamics of Soviet intervention in the subcontinent changed. Most historians would agree that the Soviet Union became more conciliatory; under Gorbachev the Soviet Union ultimately effectively withdrew from much of the African continent, (and consequently played a lesser role in the politics of the sub­ continent). The Soviet Union's changing stance on the subcontinent, and indeed, the collapse of the Soviet Union accompanied or preceded apartheid's crisis and dramatic political reform in South Africa. The end of the 1980s saw dramatic change in both Soviet and Nationalist Regimes. By the end of 1989, revolutions across Eastern Europe showed that Soviet supremacy in those countries was no longer to be maintained by force as it had been previously and the fall of the Berlin Wall symbolised the collapse of the Communist 1 Sparks, The Mind of South Africa, p.363. 2 BBC, The Story of South Africa, htto://www.bbc.co.uklworldservlce/africalfeatureslstorvofafrica/12chapter8.shtml. 3 Murphy, South from the Limpopo p.xix; The Argus (Editorial: The Nat bogeyman and South Africa's future), 1 May 1987. 4 Guelke, South Africa In Transition.