NATIONAL REPORT OF The First Nations Regional Health Survey PHASE 3: VOLUME TWO National Report of the First Nations Regional Health Survey About the Report AboutIMG2009-0085-0001-Dm.tif the Cover IMG2010-0133-0004-Dm.tif This publication is available online at the First Nations The cover of this report Information Governance Centre’s website features Morning Star, a 1993 mural by Dene wwwfnigc.ca/RHS3report. Suline artist Alex Janvier This report is © 2018, First Nations Information which adorns the dome Governance Centre. All rights reserved. These materials of the Haida Gwaii Salon are to be used solely for non-commercial purposes. at the Canadian Museum of History in Ottawa, This publication can be reproduced (in whole or in Ontario, Canada. The part) with the written permission of the First Nations artwork covers 418 square Information Governance Centre. Please contact info@ metres and can be seen fnigc.ca for permission requests. from seven stories below. Morning Star illustrates Cite this publication in the following format: the history of the land we live in from the artist’s First Nations Information Governance Centre, National Dene Suline perspective, Report of the First Nations Regional Health Survey and is anIMG2013-0173-0014-Dm.tif expression of the hope for mutual respect.IMG2015-305-0002-Dm.tif Phase 3: Volume Two, (Ottawa: 2018). 1 pages. Published in July 2018. Born of Dene Suline and Saulteaux descent in Le Goff Reserve, Cold Lake First Nations, Alberta, Janvier was Ottawa, Ontario raised in the Chipewyan tradition, speaking the Dene ISBN: 978-1-988433-02-8 language until attending the Blue Quill Residential Indian School when he was eight-years-old. As a The First Nations Information Governance Centre member of the “Indian Group of Seven,” Janvier is widely (FNIGC) is an incorporated non-profit operating with recognized as one of the most significant Indigenous a special mandate from the Assembly of First Nations’ artists in Canada, and over the course of his career he Chiefs in Assembly (Resolution #48, December 2009). has added much to the cultural fabric of the nation. FNIGC is committed to producing data that can A Member of the Order of Canada, Alberta Order of contribute to the health and well-being of First Nations Excellence, and Royal Canadian Academy of the Arts, his people living in our 634 communities across the country. contribution to art in Canada is immeasurable. www.FNIGC.ca www.alexjanvier.com General inquiries: [email protected] For more information on Morning Star: www.historymuseum.ca/morningstar 2 | PHASE 3: VOLUME TWO TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .............................................................................4 Conclusions ..................................................................83 References....................................................................85 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION...........................5 About The First Nations Information Governance CHAPTER FIVE: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND Centre ............................................................................5 SEDENTARY BEHAVIOURS .................................89 FNIGC Vision ................................................................5 Executive Summary ...................................................89 FNIGC Mission .............................................................5 Key Findings ...............................................................89 About the First Nations Regional Health Survey .....5 Introduction ................................................................. 91 About the RHS Phase 3 National Report ................... 12 Methods .......................................................................92 Methodology ................................................................ 13 Results .........................................................................95 Discussion ................................................................. 122 CHAPTER TWO: HEALTH-CARE ACCESS ..............15 Conclusions .................................................................125 Executive Summary .....................................................15 References.................................................................. 127 Key Findings ............................................................... 16 Introduction ................................................................. 17 CHAPTER SIX: PERSONAL AND COMMUNITY Methods ....................................................................... 18 WELLNESS .........................................................133 Results..........................................................................19 Executive Summary ...................................................133 Discussion ....................................................................32 Key Findings ..............................................................133 Conclusions ..................................................................33 Introduction ................................................................135 References....................................................................35 Methods ..................................................................... 136 Results ....................................................................... 139 CHAPTER THREE: LANGUAGE AND CULTURE ....37 Discussion ...................................................................153 Executive Summary ....................................................37 Conclusions .................................................................156 Key Findings ...............................................................37 References...................................................................157 Introduction .................................................................38 Methods .......................................................................40 Appendix 1: RHS PHASE 3 REPORT AUTHORS .. 160 Results ......................................................................... 41 Discussion ....................................................................52 Appendix 2: RHS 3 PARTICIPATING COMMUNITIES Conclusion ...................................................................55 (NATIONAL SAMPLE).........................................163 References....................................................................57 CHAPTER FOUR: NUTRITION AND FOOD SECURITY ............................................................60 Executive Summary ...................................................60 Key Findings ...............................................................60 Introduction .................................................................62 Methods .......................................................................63 Results ........................................................................67 Discussion ....................................................................80 20 Years of First Nations Data | 3 National Report of the First Nations Regional Health Survey FOREWORD Twenty years later, the RHS has earned its place as the reliable source of information about life in First On behalf of the First Nations Information Nations communities, with its data being used to Governance Centre (FNIGC) and its Board of support policy and programming at community, Directors, I am pleased to present to you the National regional, and federal levels. And it is still the only First Report of the First Nations Regional Health Survey Nations survey of its kind, with its social, cultural, and Phase 3: Volume Two. political impact now widely acknowledged. This report is the culmination of five years of hard What you hold in your hands is the second of two work by thousands of passionate, dedicated people volumes of the third phase of the RHS (the first working in a variety of capacities, including survey volume can be downloaded from www.FNIGC.ca). coordination, management, and development led Being the third version of the survey, this report by the staff of FNIGC’s national offices and survey allowed for another exciting first: it marks the first deployment, coordination and data gathering led time in the history of the RHS that we can look at by our Regional Partners. Most importantly, we selected data trends over time. acknowledge the more than 20,000 First Nations community members who took the time to share their information with us by completing the survey I would like to take this time to recognize the questionnaire. hard work of FNIGC’s national staff, the Regional Partner organizations, Regional Coordinators, data analysts, administrators, Fieldworkers, First In the end, their decision to fill out our (often- Nations leadership, community staff, and the various lengthy) questionnaire helped to make this phase committees and consultants who participated and of the survey a resounding success. In fact, it was contributed to the RHS Phase 3 process. the most successful to-date, with nearly 24,000 surveys completed in more than 250 First Nations communities—a record in the more than 20-year FNIGC would also like to acknowledge and thank history of this unique First Nations initiative. the First Nations and Inuit Health Branch (FNIHB) of Health Canada (which funded the RHS), the (former) Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC), When the first round of data collection began in 1997, and the Public Health Agency of Canada. We are also the First Nations Regional Health Survey (FNRHS, pleased to count the new Department of