Review Article Int J cell Sci & mol biol Volume 5 Issue 2 - October 2018 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Asad Razzaq DOI: 10.19080/IJCSMB.2018.05.555659 Organ Transplantation: An Overview from History to Challenges Asad Razzaq* Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Pakistan Submission: August 11, 2018; Published: October 01, 2018 *Corresponding author: Asad Razzaq, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; Tel: +923064730096; Email: Abstract Organ transplantation is the best method for replacing damage organs and tissues. It has very long history but frequently work on it start in 18th century. Now researchers are able to perform transplant easily and successfully. Take organ from donor that may be living or deceased. But the problem that matters a lot is that donor compatibility must be matched with the recipient. And the match occurs in very rare chances because perfect match found in identical twins. Rejection is a major problem for organ transplantation, but researchers control this problem by many diseases like diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure etc. using specific type of drug name immunosuppressant that suppresses the immune response. Long term uses of immune suppressant also cause Keywords: Immunosuppressant; Transplantation; Transplant rejection Introduction Organ transplantation is a successful technique for replacing 1746 — Nose successfully regrafted and this surgery is done by Dr. Garengeot in France. damaged due to injury or some other factors. At 18th century, damaged organ from healthy and fit organ. Organs may be 1818 — A surgeon transfuses four-ounce blood from a man to researchers started their experiments on organ transplantation his wife because she lost blood due to childbirth. and they were failed many times and don’t get their desired results. After many years, they were successful in organ transplantation. 1878 — Human-human successfully bone transplant. Researchers have able to do organ transplantation of kidney, liver, 1869 — Successfully transplanted skin. lung, heart, pancrease, cornea etc [1]. Organ transplantation are done on only those organ who have the ability to regenerate or 1906 — Cornea was successfully transplanted those organ whose half number able to do full work like kidney, 1954 — some portion of liver etc. Persons who donate their organs called genetically identical twin. donors and the persons who receive organ called recipients. Two Kidney was transplanted first time. Recipient is common possibilities are present in organ transplantation. First is 1959 — Kidney transplantation occurs between fraternal that both donor and recipient present at same place while second twins. possibility is that both donor and recipient present at different 1960 — Between Kidneys was transplanted [3]. places. Also, in some cases, transplantation occurs in same person and in some other cases, transplantation held in two different 1962 — Kidney, liver and lungs was removed from deceased people [2]. It has a very long history. Some evidence found that person for transplantation. people of past also do organ transplantation. Full history of 1963 — Organs remove from brain dead person and use in transplantation is given here. transplantation. 300 — Allotransplantation (transplantation occurs between 1966 — Pancrease was successfully transplanted. 1967 — two non-genetically identical people) was first originated in Justinian was cut to treat cancer and attach leg of non-genetically human in middle ages. Leg of church caretaker name Deacon 1967 — LiverHeart transplantation was transplanted performs in U.S successfully. identical person. 1967 — Heart was transplanted in Saudi Arabia. 1668 — Bone graft was successfully grafted. For this purpose, dog skull used. This all procedure held in Holland. 1968 — Bone Transplantation was successfully achieved. Int J cell Sci & mol biol 5(2): IJCSMB.MS.ID.555659 (2018) 0043 International Journal of Cell Science & Molecular Biology 1968 — Harvard Ad Hoc Committee successfully developed a 2002 — OPTN online the data of those patients who were waiting for organ. definition1976 of— brain-dead First Immunosuppressant people. drug was successfully 2003 — developed for minimize the risk of rejection by immune system. 2005 — AprilIn France, was nominatedpartial face as was Donation successfully Life month. transplanted. First immunosuppressant drug is cyclosporine [4,5]. 2006 — IOM issue a report in which they tell us about ethical 1980 — Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA) issues of transplantation and also tells us how deceased person donors will increase. respiratory systems or stops all function of the body. developed the definition of death as stopping of circulatory/ 2006 — In U.S. 100 million people were registered as donor. 1981 — 2008 — National Medal awarded for those who donate their 1983 — First awareness week for national tissue and organ Heart/Lung successfully transplanted. organs. donors. 2009 — A Campaign start that title is “END THE WAIT”. This is 1983— First workshop held on solid organ by a surgeon due to increase the kidney donors to abolish waiting list of kidney name General Everett Koop. recipients. 1984 — 2010 — Full face was successfully transplanted. done. first combined Heart, Liver and Lungs transplantation 2011 — 1984 — Congress passed an Act and banned selling of organs and tissues. Also make organ procurement network for equality of 2014 — Dr. Cavadas successfully transplant first double leg. organ transplantation. in Sweden. Uterine transplant successfully performed first time 1986 — First contract for OPTN by ministry of health of U.S. 2014 — In South Africa, penis was successfully transplanted OPTN work is to give facility that is totally based on equality. [7-10]. 1986 — Hospitals provide very good offers for close relatives As described earlier that it is successful technique for of deceased person if they donate the organ of their deceased replacing damaged organ/tissue. Donors play a very good rule in relative. transplantation because if donor not agrees to donate his organ/ tissue then doctors not able to do transplant. Donor has two types. 1987 — Intestine transplantation was successfully done 1. 1988 — 2. LivingDeceased donor donor and Split-Liver transplantation was successfully liver of one donor. performed. The benefit of this procedure is that two recipient use If a living person donate their organ, then it is called living 1989 — donor. If deceased person donates, then it is called deceased donor. Sometime person is cardiovascular dead and sometimes it is brain 1990— Award noble prize to Dr. Joseph and Dr. Donnall Performed first small intestine transplantation. dead. If a doctor believed that this person is not more live, and Thomas for successful transplantation of kidney and bone they will die soon then they contact to person closest relative and respectively. suggest donating the patient’s organs. If relative allow then doctor 1990 — remove the patient organs and save it. Researchers have able to 1991 — LivingNational donor workshop lung was on usedincreasing for transplantation. donation of organs that cannot be saved [3-11]. First doctor screens a person and and tissue and this workshop is held by summon of General save human organ for five to six years. Cornea is the only organ check that whether a person is eligible for transplantation or not. Antonia who is also a surgeon [5,6]. If they found eligible then doctor advice a person to a specialist 1998 — Hand was successfully transplanted. transplantation center. Doctors of transplantation center again screen a person and evaluate its health. Common process for 1998 — Plasmapheresis was injected in body and the purpose transplantation is: is that it helps to do transplant in those people who are not ABO compatible. 1. Cut the skin 1999 — Act was passed for appreciating organ donor. 2. Remove arteries and vessels that attach with organ. According to this act, if employee wants leave for organ donation 3. Remove the organ then they able to get full paid leave. 4. Take the new and healthy organ 2001 — - fully perform hand transplant. 5. Place it into the body University of Louisville and Jewish Hospital success 2001 — Rate of living donors is increase as compare to 6. Attach arteries and vessels deceased donor.How to And cite thisthis article: was first Asad time R. Organ in U.S. Transplantation: An Overview from History to Challenges. Int J cell Sci & mol biol. 2018; 5(2): 555659. 0044 DOI: 10.19080/IJCSMB.2018.05.555659. International Journal of Cell Science & Molecular Biology 7. Close the skin cut [12]. Obesity directly disturbs the health and causes many diseases. Renal transplantation is not possible in obese people. In 2009, A necessary thing is that instruments are sterilized. Now days, researchers work on obese people and successfully performed number of recipients is very high as compared to donors. People transplantation in obese by using Robotic technique [18]. wait many years for organ/tissue. Sometime people died due to pain but cannot get any donor [13-15]. Types of Donation Types of Transplantation People donate their organ only for some reason. Some donate for their love ones and some donate due to need of money. Given There are six ways that are useful in transplantation of organ/ are the important and common types of donation. tissue. Living related donor 1. Autograft Close relatives donate their organ and tissue to their family 2. Allograft member because they don’t see their loved ones in pain and 3. Isograft disease. That’s why they donate organ and free their relative from pain [16]. 4. Xenograft Good samaitan 5. Domino transplant Some people donate their organ and tissues to unknown 6. Transplantation is Obese People people and they do it for helping needy person and sometimes it Autograft who donate their kidney to needy people [16-19]. Type of transplantation in which transplantation occurs is due to the need of money. Jesus Christian was the first people within same subject. It occurs only in those tissues that have the Financial Compensation ability to reproduce it or present in excess amount [16].