GENDER ISSUES IN DEVELOPMENT & DIASPORA TEXTBOOK SOUAD SLAOUI KARIMA BELGHITI KEBIR SANDY 2019 GENDER ISSUES IN DEVELOPMENT & DIASPORA TEXTBOOK Erasmus+ project « Gender Studies Curriculum : A Step for Democracy and Peace in EU-Neighboring Countries with Different Traditions » (GeSt), No. 561785-epp-1-2015-1-LT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP www.gestproject.eu 2019 ii The publication of this textbook has been prepared in the framework of the Erasmus+ project “Gender Studies Curriculum: A Step for Democracy and Peace in EU-Neighbouring Countries with Different Traditions”, No. 561785- EPP-1-2015-1-LT-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP. This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Legal deposit : 2019MO2900 ISBN : 978-9954-692-04-2 Printed by : BCcom iii Editorial Team: Prof Souad Slaoui, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fes Prof Karima Belghiti, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fes Prof Kebir Sandy, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fes Local Experts: Prof Moha Ennaji, Director of The International Institute for Languages and Cultures (INLAC), Fes Prof Fatima Sadiqi, Co-founder of The International Institute for Languages and Cultures (INLAC), Fes iv Acknowledgments We are indebted to Pr. Radouane Mrabet, President of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University-Fez, and Pr. Khadija Essafi, Vice President of Research at Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University-Fez, for their precious support and continuous encouragement. We are also grateful to Pr. Omar Assobhei, ex-President of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University-Fez, Pr. Moulhim El Bakkali, ex-Vice President of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University-Fez, Mrs. Hayat Benmoussa and Mrs. Mouna Zerhouni, the administrative staff at the same university for their help, support and assistance. This textbook owes much to the support, help and encouragements of our friends and colleagues, Pr. Khalid Bekkaoui and Pr. Sadik Rddad. This textbook also owes much to the encouragements of the members of the GeSt consortium, from whom we learned and benefited a lot during our internships, summer schools, conferences and Forums in Lithuania, Hungary, Greece, Ukraine, Tunisia and Morocco. In this regard, special thanks to Prof Natalija Mazeikiene, the GeSt project coordinator and all our partners from the following universities: Vytautas Magnus University (VMU), Lithuania, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), Greece, Central European University (CEU), Hungary, Sultan Moulay Slimane University (USMS), Morocco, University of Manouba (UMA), Tunisia, University of Sousse (US), Tunisia, Kirovohrad State Pedagogical University (KSPU), Ukraine, Nizhyn Mykola Gogol State University (NMGSU), Ukraine and Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University (PNU), Ukraine. We are equally grateful to our MA students for sharing insights with us through our class discussions and through their research. We are also indebted to our students and colleagues who gave us permission to use quotes from their research and testimonies in this textbook. Last but not least, we would like to thank our local experts, Pr. Moha Ennaji and Pr. Fatima Sadiqi from INLAC for reading and commenting on the contents of this textbook. v The Authors Dr. Souad SLAOUI Professor of Linguistics and Gender Studies in the Department of English Studies at Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University-Fez (Morocco). She has a PhD (2007) in Theoretical Linguistics (Speciality Generative Syntax) from Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez. She is the coordinator of the “Applied Language and Research in Higher Education” Master Program. She is also a member of the following Master programs: “Translation and Cross- Cultural Communication” and “Cultural Studies: Cultures and Identities in Morocco”. She teaches different courses including Gender and Development, research methodology Women’s Movements in Morocco, among others. She is a founding member of the Centre of Studies and Research on Women (CERF) in 1997. She is also a founding member of the ISIS Center for Women and Development since its inception in 2006. She is the team leader of the Group of Studies on Gender and Development (GSGD) at the Moroccan Cultural Studies Laboratory at Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University since 2014.She has extensively published in national and international journals on issues linked to Gender and politics, Gender and social change, Feminist Movements in Morocco, among others.She served as the Moroccan Coordinator of the exchange and Cooperation Agreement among Members of the Gender and Women’s Studies across Cultures (GWS) Consortium at Florida International University,USA, University of Granada, Spain, National University of Colombia in Bogota, Colombia (2007-2013), and she is currently the local coordinator of the Gender Studies Curriculum Project: A Step For Democracy and Peace in EU –Neighbouring Counties with Different Traditions (GeSt) Funded by Erasmus+ for the period between 2015-2019.She is also a member of the editing board of the online International Journal Feminist Research. Dr. Karima BELGHITI Professor of Linguistics in the Department of English studies at Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University- Faculty of Letters Dhar EL Mehraz- Fez (Morocco). She has a PhD (2012) in English Language and Literature (Specialty in Education) from Mohammed V University- Rabat. She was awarded a Fulbright Joint-Supervision Doctorate Grant and was affiliated to the Department of Curriculum Design and Instruction at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign – USA (2010-2011). She is a member of the following Master programs: “Women’s and Gender Studies”, “Translation and Cross-Cultural Communication”, “Cultural Studies: Cultures and Identities in Morocco” and “Applied Language and Research in Higher Education”. She teaches different courses including Gender and Development, research methodology among others. She is a permanent member at the research laboratory: Langue, Littérature, Communication et Didactique” and a member of the research group: Languages, Cultures and TICE (LCTICE)-Faculty of Letters Dhar EL Mehraz- Fez. She was a member of an international project on: Manifestations de la pensée critique chez des groupes d’élèves agés entre 10 et 18 ans fréquentant des écoles au Québec, en France et au Maroc (Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada) (2013-2018). She is a member of the Erasmus+ Gest Project: Gender Studies Curriculum :A Step For Democracy and Peace in EU –Neighbouring Countries with Different Traditions(GeSt) Funded by Erasmus+ for the period between 2015-2019. She has published in national and international journals and conference proceedings on issues linked to: critical thinking skills, TEFL, sociolinguistics and gender studies. Dr. Kebir SANDY Professor of Literary and Cultural Studies in the Department of English Studies at Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University-Fez (Morocco). He is the Head of the department of English Studies and the vice-director of the Moroccan Cultural Studies Centre. He is the coordinator of the “Translation and Cross-Cultural Communication” Master Program. He is member of the following Master programs: “Women’s and Gender Studies”, “Cultural Studies: Cultures and Identities in Morocco”, and “Applied Language and Research in Higher Education” in Morocco. He collaborates with different teams in Europe and the Arab World on the issue of gender, education, citizenship, migration, and mobility. He is actively involved in a number of research groups on the issue of migration and mobility throughout the world. Additionally, he is in charge of lectures, seminars, and PhD supervision. He has contributed in various areas, including Diaspora and Migration Studies, Cultural Studies, Gender Studies, Critical Theory, and Literary Studies. Beside his academic interests, Dr. Sandy has been actively involved in different areas related to Human Rights and Democracy, Civil Society, Moroccan women’s situation at home and abroad (Diaspora women), and Sub-Saharan migration. He published extensively in national and international journals and conference proceedings on issues linked to: feminism, diaspora women in Europe, women and politics and the representation of women in media, oral culture, and fiction. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE..............................................................................................................................viii PART I : GENDER & DEVELOPMENT ......................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 : GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT : SOCIO-CULTURAL PRESPECTIVE.................................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2 : GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT : POLITICAL PRESPECTIVE ...... 22 CHAPTER 3 : GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT : ECONOMIC PRESPECTIVE...... 41 PART II : GENDER & DIASPORA ................................................................................ 59 CHAPTER 1 : APPROACHING DIASPORA: CONCEPTUALIZATION AND THEORY.......................................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 2 : GENDERED ISLAM IN DIASPORA LITERATURE........................... 77 CHAPTER 3 : MOROCCAN DIASPORIC FIGURES: A BLESSING FOR SOME AND A CURSE FOR OTHERS ..............................................................................................