THE AGES DIGITAL LIBRARY REFERENCE CYCLOPEDIA of BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL and ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE Baptize- Bibbins, Samuel by James Strong & John McClintock To the Students of the Words, Works and Ways of God: Welcome to the AGES Digital Library. We trust your experience with this and other volumes in the Library fulfills our motto and vision which is our commitment to you: MAKING THE WORDS OF THE WISE AVAILABLE TO ALL — INEXPENSIVELY. AGES Software Rio, WI USA Version 1.0 © 2000 2 Baptize SEE BAPTISM. Bar (properly jiyyæB], beri’ach) chiefly occurs in the following senses: that whereby a door is bolted and made fast (<160303>Nehemiah 3:3); a narrow cross-board or rafter wherewith to fasten other boards (<022626>Exodus 26:26); a rock in the sea (<320206>Jonah 2:6); the bank or shore of the sea, which, as a bar, shuts up its waves in their own place (<183810>Job 38:10); strong fortifications and powerful impediments are called bars, or bars of iron (<234502>Isaiah 45:2; Amos 1:5). SEE DOOR. Bar SEE CORN. Bar- (ba>r, Heb. and Chald. rBæ, a son), a patronymic sign, as BAR-JESUS, BAR- JONA, etc. SEE BEN-. Barabbas (barabbav, for the Chald. aB;ai rBi, son of Abba, Simonis, Onom. N.T. p. 38; a common name in the Talmud, Lightfoot, Hor. Hebrews p. 489), a robber (lh|sth>v, <431840>John 18:40) who had committed murder in an insurrection (<411507>Mark 15:7; <422319>Luke 23:19) in Jerusalem, and was lying in prison at the time of the trial of Jesus before Pilate, A.D. 29. The procurator, in his anxiety to save Jesus, proposed to release him to the people, in accordance with their demand that he should release one prisoner to them at the Passover. As a rebel, he was subject to the punishment laid down by the Roman law for such political offenses, while as a murderer he could not escape death even by the civil code of the Jews. But the latter were so bent on the death of Jesus that, of the two, they preferred pardoning this double criminal (<402716>Matthew 27:16-26; <411507>Mark 15:7-15; <422318>Luke 23:18-25; <431840>John 18:40), who was accordingly set free (<440314>Acts 3:14). There appears to have been a usage in Jerusalem, at the paschal feast, for the governor to release to the people a prisoner whom they might particularly desire. This custom does not appear to have been 3 ancient; it was probably derived either from the Syrians or from the Greeks and Romans, the former of whom had such a custom at their Thesmophoriae, the latter at their Lectisternia. Some think the policy of this provision was obviously to conciliate the favor of the Jews toward the Roman government. SEE PASSOVER. Origen says that in many copies Barabbas was also called Jesus (Ijhsou~n Barabba~n; see the Darmst. Lit. Bl. 1843, p. 538). The Armenian Version has the same reading: “Whom will you that I shall deliver unto you, Jesus Barabbas, or Jesus that is called Christ?” Griesbach, in his Comment., considers this as an interpolation, while Fritzsche has adopted it in his text (so also Tischendorf in <402716>Matthew 27:16, 17, but not his last ed.). We can certainly conceive that a name afterward so sacred may have been thrown out of the text by some bigoted transcriber. On the other hand, the contrast in ver. 20, “that they should ask Barabbas and destroy Jesus,” seems fatal to its original position in the text. SEE JESUS. Bar’achel (Heb. Barakel’, laek]riB;, whom God has blessed; Sept. Baracih>l), the father of Elihu the Buzite, one of Job’s three “friends” (<183202>Job 32:2, 6). B.C. prob. ante 2000. Barachi’ah (same name as BERECHIAH; Sept. Baraci>av), the father of the prophet Zechariah (<380101>Zechariah 1:1, 7). B.C. ante 500. Barachi’as (Baracia>v, the Greek form of the name BARACHIAH), father of the Zechariah (Zacharias) mentioned in <402335>Matthew 23:35, as having been murdered by the Jews. SEE ZECHARIAH. Baradaeus, Jacobus SEE JACOBITES. Barah SEE BETH-BARAH. 4 Ba’rak (Heb. Barak’, qriB;, lightning; Sept. and N.T. Bara>k, Joseph. Ant. v. 5, 2, Ba>rakov; comp. the family name of Hannibal, Barca = “lightning of war”), son of Abinoam of Kedesh-naphtali, a Galilean city of refuge in the tribe of Naphtali (<070406>Judges 4:6, comp. <061937>Joshua 19:37; 21:32). He was summoned by the prophetess Deborah to take the field against the hostile army of the Canaanitish king Jabin (q.v.), commanded by Sisera (q.v.), with 10,000 men from the tribes of Naphtali and Zebulon, and to encamp on Mount Tabor, probably because the 900 chariots of iron (<070403>Judges 4:3), in which the main force of Sisera consisted, could not so easily manoeuvre on uneven ground. After some hesitation, he resolved to do her bidding, on condition that she would go with him which she readily promised. At a signal given by the prophetess, the little army, seizing the opportunity of a providential storm (Joseph. Ant. v. 4) and a wind that blew in the faces of the enemy, boldly rushed down the hill, and utterly routed the unwieldy host of the Canaanites in the plain of Jezreel (Esdraelon), “the battle-field of Palestine.” From the prominent mention of Taanach (<070519>Judges 5:19, “sandy soil”) and of the river Kishon, it is most likely that the victory was partly due to the suddenly swollen waves of that impetuous torrent, particularly its western branch, called Megiddo. The victory was decisive, Harosheth taken (<070416>Judges 4:16), Sisera murdered, and Jabin ruined. A peace of forty years ensued, and the next danger came from a different quarter. The victors composed a splendid epinician ode in commemoration of their deliverance (Judges 5). SEE DEBORAH. Barak’s faith is commended among the other worthies of the Old Test. in <581132>Hebrews 11:32. SEE BENE-BARAK. From the incidental date apparently given in <070506>Judges 5:6, some have regarded Barak as a contemporary of Shamgar. If so, he could not have been so late as 178 years after Joshua, where he is generally placed, Lord A. Hervey supposes the narrative to be a repetition of <061101>Joshua 11:1-12 (Genealogies, p. 228 sq.). A great deal may be said for this view: the names Jabin and Hazor; the mention of subordinate kings (<070519>Judges 5:19; comp. <061102>Joshua 11:2 sq.); the general locality of the battle; the prominence of chariots in both narratives, and especially the name Misrephoth-maim, which seems to mean “burning by the waters,” as in the margin of the A.V., and not “the flow of waters.’“ Many chronological difficulties are also thus removed; but it is fair to add that, in Stanley’s 5 opinion (Palest. p. 392 note), there are geographical difficulties in the way (Ewald, Gesch. d. Volkes Israel; Thomson, Land and Book, 2:141 sq. There appears, therefore, on the whole, no good reason for departing from the regular order of the judges, which places his rule B.C. 1409-1369. SEE JUDGES. Baratier, John Philip an eminent boy-scholar, was born January 19th, 1721, at Schwabach, in Anspach. His father, Francis, was pastor of the French Protestant church in Schwabach, and gave his son careful education from infancy. At five years old he could speak Latin, French, and German, and at seven he knew by heart the Psalms in Hebrew. In his tenth: year he composed a Hebrew Dictionary of rare words, and in his thirteenth he translated the Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela (Amst. 1734, 2 vols. 8vo). He afterward applied himself to ecclesiastical history, the fathers, and theology, and answered a Unitarian work which Crellius published (under the name of Artemonius) in a book entitled Antiartemonius (Nuremb. 1735). In 1735, on his way to Berlin, he passed through Halle, where he was made M.A.; upon which occasion he composed, impromptu, fourteen theses in the presence of the professors, and on the following day defended them for three hours before a public audience with entire success. At Berlin he was received with honor by the king, and was enrolled among the members of the Royal Society. At the king’s request he established himself at Halle to study law, and died there October 5th, 1740, being only nineteen years of age. He also published Disquisitio Chronologica de Successione antiquissima Rom. Pontificum (Utrecht, 1740, 4to), and some other works. His life, by Formey, was published at Halle, 1741 (2d ed. Frankfort, 1755).Biog. Univ. 3, 322; Landon, Eccl. Dict. s.v. Barbadoes one of the Windward group of the West India Islands, which in 1850 had a population of 125,864 inhabitants, seven eighths of whom are blacks. It is the see of a bishop of the Church of England, whose diocese comprises all the British Windward Islands, and had, in 1859, 88 clergymen, including two archdeacons. There are many well-endowed public schools, among which Codrington College has a revenue of £3000 a year (Clergy List for 1860, Lond. 1860, 8vo). SEE WEST INDIES. 6 Barbara, St. whose day is observed in the Greek and Roman churches December 4th, is said to have suffered martyrdom at Heliopolis, Egypt, under Galerius, A.D. 306 (Assemani, Bibl. Orient. 1:63). Another account makes the place Nicomedia, the time A.D. 235, and says that after her conversion she exhorted her father to be converted, but he accused her and put her to death with torture.